What is a Broker-Dealer? - Davis Polk & Wardwell
What is a Broker-Dealer? - Davis Polk & Wardwell What is a Broker-Dealer? - Davis Polk & Wardwell
§ 1A:4.4 BROKER-DEALER REGULATION SEC’s oversight of the SBS market. 296 It is important to note at the outset that these definitions are all subject to further revision and explication by the SEC. Dodd-Frank categorizes the derivatives instruments within its scope as “swaps,” which are subject to primary CFTC jurisdiction, and “security-based swaps,” which are subject to primary SEC jurisdiction. Dodd-Frank first defines the universe of “swaps” through an amendment to the CEA, then carves out of this definition those “security-based swaps” for which the SEC is provided primary jurisdiction. Mixed swaps, those that share characteristics of both “swaps” and “security-based swaps,” are classified as both and are subject to joint jurisdiction by the SEC and the CFTC. The definition of “swap” is complex and is provided in infra Appendix 1A-A. For present purposes, the definition includes credit default swaps, interest rate swaps, and total return swaps on a broad range of asset categories. The definition of “swap” excludes, among other transactions: . . . (ii) any sale of a nonfinancial commodity or security for deferred shipment or delivery, so long as the transaction is intended to be physically settled; (iii) any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege on any security, certificate of deposit, or group or index of securities, including any interest therein or based on the value thereof, that is subject to— (I) the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.); and (II) the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.); (iv) any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege relating to a foreign currency entered into on a national securities exchange registered pursuant to section 6(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78f(a)); (v) any agreement, contract, or transaction providing for the purchase or sale of 1 or more securities on a fixed basis that is subject to— (I) the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.); and (II) the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.); 296. Similar, though not entirely parallel, definitions exist for the products and market participants under the CFTC’s jurisdiction. A discussion of such terms is outside the scope of this chapter. 1A–68
(vi) any agreement, contract, or transaction providing for the purchase or sale of 1 or more securities on a contingent basis that is subject to the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.), unless the agreement, contract, or transaction predicates the purchase or sale on the occurrence of a bona fide contingency that might reasonably be expected to affect or be affected by the creditworthiness of a party other than a party to the agreement, contract, or transaction; (vii) any note, bond, or evidence of indebtedness that is a security, as defined in section 2(a)(1) of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77b(a)(1)); (viii) any agreement, contract, or transaction that is— (I) based on a security; and (II) entered into directly or through an underwriter (as defined in section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77b(a)(11)) by the issuer of such security for the purposes of raising capital, unless the agreement, contract, or transaction is entered into to manage a risk associated with capital raising; . . . [and] (x) any security-based swap, other than a [mixed swap]. 297 “Security-based swap” is defined in section 3(a)(68) of the Exchange Act as any agreement, contract or transaction that: (i) is a swap, as that term is defined under section 1a of the Commodity Exchange Act (without regard to paragraph (47)(B)(x) of such section); and (ii) is based on— What Is a Broker-Dealer? § 1A:4.4 (I) an index that is a narrow-based security index, including any interest therein or on the value thereof; (II) a single security or loan, including any interest therein or on the value thereof; or (III) the occurrence, nonoccurrence, or extent of the occurrence of an event relating to a single issuer of a security or the issuers of securities in a narrow-based security index, provided that such event directly affects the financial statements, financial condition, or financial obligations of the issuer. 298 297. CEA § 1a(47), as amended by Dodd-Frank § 721(a). 298. Exchange Act § 3(a)(68)(A), as amended by Dodd-Frank § 761(a). (Broker-Dealer Reg., Rel. #9, 9/10) 1A–69
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(vi) any agreement, contract, or transaction providing for the<br />
purchase or sale of 1 or more securities on a contingent bas<strong>is</strong><br />
that <strong>is</strong> subject to the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a<br />
et seq.) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C.<br />
78a et seq.), unless the agreement, contract, or transaction<br />
predicates the purchase or sale on the occurrence of a bona<br />
fide contingency that might reasonably be expected to affect<br />
or be affected by the creditworthiness of a party other than a<br />
party to the agreement, contract, or transaction;<br />
(vii) any note, bond, or evidence of indebtedness that <strong>is</strong> a security,<br />
as defined in section 2(a)(1) of the Securities Act of 1933 (15<br />
U.S.C. 77b(a)(1));<br />
(viii) any agreement, contract, or transaction that <strong>is</strong>—<br />
(I) based on a security; and<br />
(II) entered into directly or through an underwriter (as<br />
defined in section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act of<br />
1933 (15 U.S.C. 77b(a)(11)) by the <strong>is</strong>suer of such<br />
security for the purposes of ra<strong>is</strong>ing capital, unless the<br />
agreement, contract, or transaction <strong>is</strong> entered into to<br />
manage a r<strong>is</strong>k associated with capital ra<strong>is</strong>ing;<br />
. . . [and]<br />
(x) any security-based swap, other than a [mixed swap]. 297<br />
“Security-based swap” <strong>is</strong> defined in section 3(a)(68) of the<br />
Exchange Act as any agreement, contract or transaction that:<br />
(i) <strong>is</strong> a swap, as that term <strong>is</strong> defined under section 1a of the Commodity<br />
Exchange Act (without regard to paragraph (47)(B)(x)<br />
of such section); and<br />
(ii) <strong>is</strong> based on—<br />
<strong>What</strong> Is a <strong>Broker</strong>-<strong>Dealer</strong>? § 1A:4.4<br />
(I) an index that <strong>is</strong> a narrow-based security index, including<br />
any interest therein or on the value thereof;<br />
(II) a single security or loan, including any interest therein<br />
or on the value thereof; or<br />
(III) the occurrence, nonoccurrence, or extent of the occurrence<br />
of an event relating to a single <strong>is</strong>suer of a security<br />
or the <strong>is</strong>suers of securities in a narrow-based security<br />
index, provided that such event directly affects the<br />
financial statements, financial condition, or financial<br />
obligations of the <strong>is</strong>suer. 298<br />
297. CEA § 1a(47), as amended by Dodd-Frank § 721(a).<br />
298. Exchange Act § 3(a)(68)(A), as amended by Dodd-Frank § 761(a).<br />
(<strong>Broker</strong>-<strong>Dealer</strong> Reg., Rel. #9, 9/10)<br />
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