Deepthi 2022

Zo]vXn 2022
a[y-Im-eØv Kp]vX km{am-Py-Øns‚ ]X-\-tØmsS
C¥y-bnse cmjv{Sob kmaq-lnI coXn-I-fn¬ henb ]cnh¿Ø-\-߃
D≠m-hp-Ibpw P\-ß-fpsS k©mc
Xm¬]cyw Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. hntZi anj-\-dn-am¿
`mc-X-Øn¬ FØn hnZym-`ymkw {]N-cn-∏n-®Xv ho≠pw
tZi-tZ-im-¥c kº¿°-Øn\v {]m[m\yw e`n-°p-hm≥
CS-bm-bn. AtXmsS ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ k©mc
kmlnXy IrXn-Iƒ {]Xy-£-s∏´p XpS-ßn. Cw•ojv
kmlnXy kzm[o-\-amWv ae-bmf A©c kmln-Xy-
Øns‚ Bcw-`w. 2
]mtd-am-°¬ tXmam-I-Ø-\m¿ 1736˛99 Fgp-Xnb tdma
bm{X AYhm h¿Ø-am\ ]pkvXIamWv ae-bm-f-
Ønse BZy bm{Xm-hn-h-cW IrXn. 1790 \pw 1799 \pan-
S-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-b-sX∂v Icp-Xp∂ Cu IrXn A®-Sn-®Xv
1936 emWv. F∂m¬ BZyw A®-Sn® bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw
F∂ \ne-bn¬ BZy ÿm\-Øp-≈Xv ]cp-ae am¿
{KntKm-dn-tbmkv (]-cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n) Fgp-Xnb Du¿t«w
bm{Xm-hn-h-cWamWv. 1898˛emWv bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw A®-
Sn®v {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ Fgp-
X-s∏´ Cu bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-Øn\v Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]e
{]m[m-\y-hp-ap-≠v. KXm-KX kuIcyw t]mepw ]cn-an-Xam-bn-cp∂
ImeØv k©m-cn-Iƒ \S-Ønb Cu bm{X-
Iƒ FgpXn hbv°pI am{X-a√ sNbvX-Xv, AXv B
Ime-L-´-Ønse ]cn-an-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v A®-Sn®v {]kn-≤o-
I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CØcw bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-߃ aebmf
KZy kmln-Xy-Øns‚ Db¿®-bn¬ KWy-amb ]ph-ln-°p-hm≥
CS-bm-bn. CØ-c-Øn¬ KZy `mjm ]ptcm-
K-Xn°v hgn-Øn-cn-hmb 19˛mw \q‰m-≠nse a‰v IrXn-Ifpw
NphsS tN¿°p-∂p. Cu IrXn-Isf kam-l-cn-°m≥
km[n-®Xv t]mƒ aW-ens‚ 19˛mw \q‰m-≠nse bm{Xmhn-h-c-W-߃
F∂ IrXn-bn¬ IqSn-bm-Wv.
]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ cNn-°-s∏´ ]Øv k©mc
kmlnXy IrXn-Iƒ BWv Cu kRvP-b-Øn¬ D≈-Xv.
IrXy-amb Ime-K-W-\-bn¬ CXnse c≠v IrXn-Iƒ Ccp-
]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Z-i-I-Øn¬ D≠m-b-Xm-Wv. am¿
tXmakv Ipcym-f-t»-cn-bpsS tdmam bm{X (1901), I´°b-Øn¬
sIm®p-Nm≠n A®s‚ c≠mw tdmam bm{X
(1906) F∂n-h. Fnepw k©m-c-Øn-s‚bpw cN-\-bpsSbpw
ssien-I-fn¬ Ch ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse
k©mc kmlnXy IrXn-I-fpsS XpS¿®bpw Ah-tbmSv
HØp-t]m-Ip-∂-hbpw Bb-Xn-\m¬, Cu IrXn-Isf k©bn-°p-∂-Xn¬
A\u-NnXyw C√. _m°n F´v IY-I-fn¬
aqs∂Æw bcp-itew bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-߃ BWv. ]pent°m-´n¬
tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv c≠m-as‚
"Du¿t«w h¿Ø-am\w' (1865), tbml-∂m≥ k\ym-knbpsS
"H¿jtfw Xncp-bm{X' (1880), ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKmdn-tbmkv
Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Du¿t«w bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw (1895)
F∂n-h. Cw•-≠n-te-°p≈ c≠v bm{X-I-fpsS hnh-c-W߃
BWp-≈-Xv. "]mgvkn-am¿ Fgp-Xnb h¿Ø-am-\-
߃' (1848), Pn. ]n. ]n≈-bpsS "e≠\pw ]mcokpw'
(1897) F∂n-h. Hcp Imin-bm-{Xbpw (Im-in-bm{X
dnt∏m¿´v, 1897 I´-bmSv tKmhn-μ-ta-t\m≥), Hcp e
bm{Xbpw (sIm-f-ºn-te-°p≈ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-Ww, 1892,
Koh¿Kokv {]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en° _mh), tdman-te-°p≈
Hcp bm{X-bpsS hnh-c-Whpw (N-Xp-_m-e-b\ Ncn-Xw, 1893,
I´-°-b-Øn¬ sIm®p Nm≠n A®≥) F∂nh IqSn-bmbm¬
Cu kRvP-b-Ønse IrXn-I-fpsS ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm-bn.
3
c≠v ]mgvkn-am¿ tN¿s∂-gp-Xnb "]mgvkn am¿ Fgp-
Xnb h¿Ø-am-\-߃' (1848), I´-bmSv tKmhn-μ-ta-t\m≥
"Imin-bm{X dnt∏m¿´v' (1872), tbml-∂m≥ k\ym-knbpsS
"Du¿t«w Xnc-bm{X' (1880), ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dntbmkv
Xncp-ta-\nbpsS "Du¿t«w bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw' (1895),
Pn. ]n≈-bpsS "e≠\pw ]mcokpw' (1897), am¿ tXmakv
Ipcym-f-t»-cn-bpsS "tdmam-bm{X' (1901) F∂n-h-bmWv Fgp-
Xnb Ime-Øp-Xs∂ A®-Sn-°-s∏´ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-߃.
]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv c≠mas‚
"Du¿t«w h¿Ø-am\w' (1865), Koh¿Kokv {]Ya≥
ImtXm-en°m _mhm-bpsS "sImf-ºn-te-°p≈
bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw' (1892), I´-°-b-Øn¬ sIm®p Nm≠n
A®s‚ "NXp-_m-em-b-\-N-cnXw' (1893), I´-°-b-Øn¬
sIm®m≠n A®s‚ "c≠mw tdmam-bm{X' 1906, F∂nh
Fgp-Xnb ImeØv A®-Sn-°-s∏-Sm-sX-t]mb bm{Xm-hn-hc-W-߃
BWv. h¿Ø-am\ ]pkvXIw FgpXn Bdp-Zim_vZw
Ign-n-´mWv ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ BZyambn
Hcp KZy bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw Fgp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]mgvkn
am¿ Fgp-Xnb h¿Ø-am-\-߃ F∂ {]kvXpX bm{Xm
hnh-cWw BIs´ Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂v KpP-dm-Øn-te-°p≈
Hcp h¿Ø-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. ae-bm-f-Ønse \mem-asØ
]{X-amb ⁄m\ \nt£-]-Øn¬ BWv Cu bm{Xm-hnh-cWw
BZy-ambn {]Im-in-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv. ]n∂oSv Fgp-Xs∏´
Du¿t«w h¿Ø-am\w BIs´ 36 h¿j-߃°v
tij-amWv A®-Sn-®-Xv. CXns‚ I¿Øm-hmb ]pen-t°m-
´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv c≠m-a≥ tIc-f-
Øn¬ A®Sn ime-Ifpw ]{X-ßfpw ÿm]n-®n-´p≈
hnJym-X-\mb \thm-∞m-\-\m-b-I≥ Bbn-cp-s∂-nepw
Pohn-X-Im-eØv kz¥w cN\ A®-Sn-°m≥ Xp\n-n-√.
XpS¿∂v tKmhn-μ-ta-t\m≥ cNn® Imin-bm{X Dƒs∏sS
A®-Sn-s®-nepw anI® cN\ F∂ \ne-bn¬ CXn\v
AwKo-Imcw t\Sm-\m-bn-√. AXn-\p-tijw A®-Sn®
tbml-∂m≥ k\ym-kn-bpsS Xncp-bm{X t]m¿®p-Kokv
\n∂p≈ Hcp hnh¿Ø-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. XpS¿∂v Fgp-X-s∏´
Koh¿Kokv {]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en° _mhm-bpsS sImf-ºnte-°p≈
bm{X hnh-c-W-Øn\v shfn®w ImWm≥ Ccp-
]-Øn-sbm∂mw \q‰m≠v hsc ImØn-cn-t°≠n h∂p.
NXp-_m-e-b\ NcnXw Fgp-Xnb I´-°-b-Øn¬ sIm®p-
Nm≠n A®s‚ ImeØv "I¿Ωe Ipkpaw' F∂
{]kn≤ amknI XpS-ßn-sb-n-epw, Xs‚ bm{X-hn-hcWw
AXn¬ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ apXn¿∂n-√. NXp-
_m-e-b\ NcnXw BZy-ambn shfn®w ImWp-∂Xv 94
h¿jw Ign-n-´m-Wv.
Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv Xntbmtfm-Pn-°¬ skan-\m-cn, tIm´bw 75