Deepthi 2022

ß-fn¬ Xp¿°n-Iƒ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ A[n-Imcw
i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øn, At±-lsØ km{am-Py-Øn-\p-≈nse
_lp-˛-hw-iob Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kaq-l-Øns‚ knhn¬
t\Xm-hm-°n. F∂m¬ knhn¬ t\Xm-hm-°n. F∂m¬
knhn¬ A[n-Im-cØns‚ A\p-am-\-Øn\v I\Ø hne
h¬tI≠n h∂p. 1821˛¬ Xp¿°n `c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc
{Ko°p-Im¿ Iem]w \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ, Hmt´m-a≥
kp¬Øm≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv {KnKdn A©m-as\ DØ-chm-Zn-bm-°p-Ibpw
At±-lsØ Xq°n-te-‰p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
c≠v sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-amcpw 12 _nj-∏p-amcpw At±-l-
Øn\p tijw Igp-a-c-Øn-te°v Xq°n.
1832˛¬ Hcp kzX{¥ {Ko°v cmjv{Sw ÿm]n-°-s∏-
´p. 1833˛¬ {Koknse Hcp {]tXyI Hmt´m-sk-^m-ekv
N¿®v ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p. H∂mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-\p-tijw,
{Kokpw Xp¿°nbpw XΩn¬ hen-sbmcp P\-kwJym
hn\n-abw \S-∂p. 1950 Ifn¬ CkvXmw-_q-fnse {Ko°v
hncp≤ Iem-]-߃ (tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fns‚ ]pXnb
Xp¿°n \maw) Xp¿°n-bn¬ \n∂p≈ {Ko°p-Im-cpsS
as‰mcp ]em-b-\-Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn. Ct∏m-ƒ hfsc
Ipd®v am{Xta Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p-≈q.
Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b-bnse ]m{Xn-bm¿t°‰v
Iu¨kn¬ Hm^v Im¬kn-tUm-Wns‚ (F Un 451)
Ime-L´w hsc, CuPn-]vXnse {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Hscm‰
]m{Xn-bm¿t°-‰n¬ H∂n-®p. F∂m¬ Im¬kn-tUm-Wns‚
{IntÃm-f-Pn-°¬ ]Tn-∏n-°-ens\ Np‰n-∏-‰n-bp≈ hnhm-Z߃,
Iu¨kn-ens\ \nc-kn® `qcn-]-£hpw AXv AwKo-
I-cn® {Ko°v \yq\-]-£hpw XΩn-ep≈ `n∂-X-bn-te°v
\bn-®p. Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b-bnse {Ko°v Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv
]m{Xn-bm¿t°‰v c≠m-asØ {Kq∏n¬ \n∂p-≈-XmWv.
tIm]v‰nIv Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` I¬°-tZm\y hncp-≤cm-b-Xn-\m¬
GI-kz-`mh hmZn-I-sf∂v ap{Z-Ip-Ø-s∏-´p.
Ggmw \q‰m-t≠m-sS, CuPn-]vXn¬ 17 As√-n¬ 18 Zie£w
tIm]v‰p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-
Sp-∂p, IqSmsX GI-tZiw 200,000 (an-°-hmdpw km{am-
PyXz DtZym-K-ÿ¿, ssk\n-I¿, hym]m-cn-Iƒ, a‰v {Ko°p-
Im¿) Im¬kn-tUm-Wns\ kzoI-cn-®p. Cu ka-bØv
c≠v {Kq∏p-Ifpw ]pcm-X\ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ Bcm-[-\-
{Iaw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ {Ko°v ]m{Xn-bm¿t°-
‰n¬ AXv {ItaW ss_k-ss‚≥ Bcm-[-\-{I-a-Øn¬
am‰n-ÿm-]n-®p. 12˛mw \q‰m-t≠msS Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥
BNmcw Ah-cn¬ C√m-Xm-bn.
A°m-esØ G‰hpw i‡-amb ]m{Xn-b¿t°‰v Ae-
Ivkm-{¥nb Bbn-cp-∂p. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv AYhm ]m∏
(kp-dn-bm-\n-bn¬ _mh)bv°v knhn¬ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ
Zfi\ sImSpØ Ip‰-hm-fn-Iƒ°v £a \¬Im≥ hsc
Ign-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-bm-bnse t]m∏v ]m{Xnb¿°o-kmWv
t]∏¬ A[n-Im-c-߃ tdman\pw hfsc
\mfp-Iƒ°v apºv D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ A[n-
Im-c-߃ hfsc hn]p-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ A[n-
Imc ]cn[n CuPn-]vXnse \mev {]hn-iy-Iƒ am{X-a-√,
en_n-b, s]‚-t]m-fnkv F∂o {]hn-iy-I-fnepw G‰hpw
Zo]vXn 2022
132 Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv Xntbm-tfm-Pn-°¬ skan-\m-cn, tIm´bw
hep-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ Bdv henb tdma≥ {]hn-iy-
I-fpsS `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn, At±-l-Øn\v Iogn¬ GItZiw
100 _nj-∏p-am-cp-≠v. a‰v ]m{Xn-bm¿t°-‰p-I-fn-set∏mse
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-am-cp-tSXv am{X-a-√, F√m _nj-
∏p-am-cp-sSbpw ÿm\m-c-l-W-Øn\pw At±lw t\XrXzw
\¬In.
IqSm-sX, F√m F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ A[n-Imc ]cn-[nbnepw
s{]kvss_-‰¿am-scbpw Uo°≥am-scbpw \nban-°m-\p≈
A[n-Imcw At±-l-Øn\v D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
F∂n-cp-∂mepw At±lw ]e-t∏mgpw Cu A[n-Im-c-߃
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø≥am¿°pw _nj-∏p-am¿°pw ssIam-dn.
A©mw \q‰m-≠n¬ GI-tZiw 69 _nj-∏p-am-cp≈
tdmanse ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Dƒs∏-sS, as‰mcp sa{Xm-t∏meo-Øt\m
_njt∏m AØcw A[n-Imcw hln-®n-´n-√.
k`m ]mc-º-cy-a-\p-k-cn-®v, F. Un. 42˛¬ a¿t°mkv
kphn-ti-j-I-\mWv Cu ]m{Xn-bm¿t°‰v ÿm]n-®-Xv.
AXns‚ A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-°p-≈n¬, AXv G‰hpw A`nhr≤n
{]m]n® Ime-L-´-Øn¬, GI-tZiw 108 _nj-∏pam¿
Dƒs∏-´n-cp∂p; AXns‚ {]tZiw en_nb kp∏o-cnb¿,
en_nb C≥^o-cn-b¿, sXss_-Uv, CuPn-]vXv,
sl]v‰-t\m-an-kv, AK-Ãw-\n° F∂o Bdv {]hn-iy-Isf
Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. XpS-°-Øn¬, sk‚ v am¿°ns‚
]n≥Kman GI sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ _nj-∏m-bn-cp-∂p,
At±lw k`m-]-c-ambn apgp-h≥ {]tZ-ihpw `cn-®p.
{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ s]cp-Ip-Ibpw a‰v sat{Sm-s]m-fn-‰≥ cq]-
߃ krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ, At±lw
B¿®v-˛-sa-t{Sm-s]m-fn-‰≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p. A©mw \q‰m≠v
hsc tKm{X-]n-Xmhv F∂ ]Zhn D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ h∂ncp-∂n-√.
tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse BZy-Iu¨kn-ens‚
Imew hsc (381) Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b-bnse ]m{Xn-b¿°okv
tdmanse _nj-∏ns‚ ASpØ ÿm\-Øm-Wv. 451˛se
Im¬kn-tUm-Wnse Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv Iu¨kn-ens‚bpw
Imew hsc F√m hn`m-K-ßfpw ]c-kv]cw k`m
t\Xm-°-fpsS ]n¥p-S¿®sb AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p.
642˛¬ Ad_v A[n-\n-th-ihpw ss_k-ss‚≥
ssk\yw ]n≥h-en--tXm-sS, CuPn-]vXnse {Ko°p-Im¿
ss_k-ss‚≥ km{am-Py-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w ImcWw
]oU\w A\p-`-hn-®p. 1517˛¬ Xp¿°n CuPn]vXv Iog-S-
°n-b-tXmsS Cu ZpjvI-c-amb kml-Ncyw IqSp-X¬ hjfm-bn.
N¿®v Hm^v Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b-bpsS `c-W-Øn¬
FIyp-sa-\n-°¬ ]m{Xn-b¿t°-‰ns‚ CS-s]-S¬ 1858˛¬
lntdm-Øn-tbmkv H∂m-as‚ ac-WtØmsS Ah-km-\n-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
]m{Xn-bm¿°okv saen-‰n-tbmkv II(1926˛1935) ]m{Xnbm¿t°-‰ns‚
ss_tem-Iƒ kam-l-cn®v CuPn-]vjy≥
k¿°m-cn\v ka¿∏n-®p. Cu \nb-a-߃ {]Imcw ]m{Xnb¿t°‰v
kzX-{¥-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p-Ibpw k¿°m¿ kwc-
£Ww Bkz-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´
BZysØ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kmWv saen-‰n-tbm-kv. B{^n-
°-bn-ep-S-\ofw ]m{Xn-bm¿t°-‰ns‚ A[n-Imc ]cn[n
ÿm]n-®p. C∂v ]m{Xn-bm¿t°-‰n\v B{^n-°-bnse