standards and guidelines for communication sites - Radio And ...
standards and guidelines for communication sites - Radio And ... standards and guidelines for communication sites - Radio And ...
ALTERNATE POWER SOURCES CHAPTER 6: POWER SOURCES 6.6.2 REQUIREMENTS The following requirements and considerations shall be observed when specifying and installing a solar power system: • Solar panels shall be located away from objects that could block sunlight to the panel. Panels shall be pole-mounted or roof-mounted if required. • Observe the total time a particular location has direct sunlight throughout the day. Note in any calculation or specification that the site batteries are charged only when the solar panel is exposed to the sun. • The angle of the sunlight with respect to the solar panel throughout the year shall be considered. Shadows cast by nearby objects may be different when the sun's angle changes with the seasons. • Note that the fixed panel mounting angle for year round usage in northern latitudes is typically 10 degrees more than the latitude. For example, at a latitude of 45° north the panel should be mounted at an angle of 55° from the horizontal. • The optimum angle varies throughout the year. The amount of variation increases with latitude. Have the panel supplier recommend the mounting angle. (Trackers are available that automatically move the panel to follow the sun, but these are rarely used at communications sites because of the additional maintenance and possibility of failure.) • Solar panels shall be at least 10% oversized to ensure that they can handle the site's power requirements. • Battery storage shall be adequate to supply power to the site for 5 to 10 days without wind or sun. • Far northern latitudes (or far southern latitudes in the southern hemisphere) have less daily sun charging time. • Deep-cycle batteries shall be used in systems experiencing up to 80% of the battery system is discharged and recharged. • Solar panels and wind generators shall be mounted high enough to discourage vandalism. Bulletresistant solar panels are available. • Where applicable, panels shall be mounted high enough to clear deep winter snowfalls or ice accumulation. • Panels shall be mounted and supported such that damage by high winds is avoided. • Outside cabling shall be well secured and protected with conduit, or run inside the mounting pole. • Plan the battery location in accordance with “Battery Systems” on page 6-27. In earthquake-prone areas (Moment Magnitude rating 3 or greater), batteries shall be mounted in seismic-rated battery racks secured to the floor. 6-26 68P81089E50-B 9/1/05
STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUNICATION SITES BATTERY SYSTEMS 6.6.3 INSTALLATION Install the solar panels and wind generator in accordance with instructions provided by the contracted design firm. • If panels are roof-mounted, the metallic portions of the solar panel framework shall be bonded to the site grounding electrode system in accordance with Chapter 4, “External Grounding (Earthing).” • If panels are pole-mounted, the pole ground shall be bonded to the site grounding electrode system in accordance with Chapter 4, “External Grounding (Earthing).” • It is recommended that cabling from the outdoor portion of the system be protected in conduit and secured. Cable from pole-mounted solar panels or wind generators can be run inside the mounting pole. Appropriate precautions shall be taken to protect the cable from moisture ingress. • Batteries shall be installed in accordance with “Battery Systems” on page 6-27 and secured against earthquakes in seismically active areas (Moment Magnitude rating 3 or greater) using a seismicrated battery rack rated for the site's seismic zone. Secure the rack to the floor per manufacturer's instructions. 6.6.4 MAINTENANCE • Solar panels shall be cleaned and inspected twice a year or as required to prevent accumulation of bird droppings, dust or pollen that could reduce efficiency by blocking sunlight. • Cracked or damaged panels shall be replaced. • Manufacturers' instructions for maintaining batteries shall be observed. 6.7 BATTERY SYSTEMS Batteries used for equipment backup can be divided into two categories: flooded cell (wet) and valve regulated (sealed). Flooded cell batteries pose greater hazards, because they emit hydrogen gas during normal operation. Sealed batteries do not typically vent hydrogen. Where applicable, it is recommended that certified Hazardous Materials handlers be contracted to handle tasks involving the hazardous materials contained in most battery systems. 68P81089E50-B 9/1/05 6-27
- Page 241 and 242: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 243 and 244: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 245 and 246: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 247 and 248: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 249 and 250: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 251 and 252: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 253 and 254: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 255 and 256: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 257 and 258: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 259 and 260: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 261 and 262: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 263 and 264: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 265 and 266: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 267 and 268: CHAPTER 6 POWER SOURCES 6 6.1 LOCKO
- Page 269 and 270: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 271 and 272: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 273 and 274: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 275 and 276: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 277 and 278: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 279 and 280: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 281 and 282: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 283 and 284: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 285 and 286: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 287 and 288: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 289 and 290: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 291: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 295 and 296: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 297 and 298: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 299 and 300: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 301 and 302: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 303 and 304: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 305 and 306: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 307 and 308: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 309 and 310: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 311 and 312: CHAPTER 7 SURGE PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- Page 313 and 314: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 315 and 316: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 317 and 318: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 319 and 320: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 321 and 322: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 323 and 324: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 325 and 326: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 327 and 328: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 329 and 330: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 331 and 332: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 333 and 334: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 335 and 336: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 337 and 338: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 339 and 340: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
- Page 341 and 342: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
ALTERNATE POWER SOURCES CHAPTER 6: POWER SOURCES<br />
6.6.2 REQUIREMENTS<br />
The following requirements <strong>and</strong> considerations shall be observed when specifying <strong>and</strong> installing a solar<br />
power system:<br />
• Solar panels shall be located away from objects that could block sunlight to the panel. Panels shall<br />
be pole-mounted or roof-mounted if required.<br />
• Observe the total time a particular location has direct sunlight throughout the day. Note in any<br />
calculation or specification that the site batteries are charged only when the solar panel is exposed<br />
to the sun.<br />
• The angle of the sunlight with respect to the solar panel throughout the year shall be considered.<br />
Shadows cast by nearby objects may be different when the sun's angle changes with the seasons.<br />
• Note that the fixed panel mounting angle <strong>for</strong> year round usage in northern latitudes is typically<br />
10 degrees more than the latitude. For example, at a latitude of 45° north the panel should be<br />
mounted at an angle of 55° from the horizontal.<br />
• The optimum angle varies throughout the year. The amount of variation increases with latitude.<br />
Have the panel supplier recommend the mounting angle. (Trackers are available that automatically<br />
move the panel to follow the sun, but these are rarely used at <strong>communication</strong>s <strong>sites</strong> because of the<br />
additional maintenance <strong>and</strong> possibility of failure.)<br />
• Solar panels shall be at least 10% oversized to ensure that they can h<strong>and</strong>le the site's power<br />
requirements.<br />
• Battery storage shall be adequate to supply power to the site <strong>for</strong> 5 to 10 days without wind or sun.<br />
• Far northern latitudes (or far southern latitudes in the southern hemisphere) have less daily sun<br />
charging time.<br />
• Deep-cycle batteries shall be used in systems experiencing up to 80% of the battery system is<br />
discharged <strong>and</strong> recharged.<br />
• Solar panels <strong>and</strong> wind generators shall be mounted high enough to discourage v<strong>and</strong>alism. Bulletresistant<br />
solar panels are available.<br />
• Where applicable, panels shall be mounted high enough to clear deep winter snowfalls or ice<br />
accumulation.<br />
• Panels shall be mounted <strong>and</strong> supported such that damage by high winds is avoided.<br />
• Outside cabling shall be well secured <strong>and</strong> protected with conduit, or run inside the mounting pole.<br />
• Plan the battery location in accordance with “Battery Systems” on page 6-27. In earthquake-prone<br />
areas (Moment Magnitude rating 3 or greater), batteries shall be mounted in seismic-rated battery<br />
racks secured to the floor.<br />
6-26 68P81089E50-B 9/1/05
Change language