standards and guidelines for communication sites - Radio And ...
standards and guidelines for communication sites - Radio And ... standards and guidelines for communication sites - Radio And ...
POWER QUALITY CHAPTER 6: POWER SOURCES The objective of Motorola site standards and guidelines is to establish benchmarks for designing optimum equipment operating environments. Providing quality power to electronic equipment is a key to system availability and system reliability. See “Glossary” on page 1-11 for definitions of terms relating to power quality. 6.3.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER QUALITY This paragraph presents a brief introduction to power quality. See IEEE STD 519, IEEE STD 1100 and IEEE STD 1159 for additional information. The requirements and recommendations presented in this paragraph take into consideration established industry codes and standards for achieving operational environments that are suitable for electronic equipment. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI), British Standards Institution (BS), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) have developed steps necessary for establishing a foundation to support the operation of electronic equipment. The quality of power supplied to electronic equipment is influenced by, but not limited to, the following: • Equipment load requirements • Grounding (earthing) of the facility • Sufficient delivery of power • Interaction between connected loads • Internal and external wiring • Placement of the electronic equipment within the facilities Many of the areas of concern affecting power quality are also addressed as minimum safety requirements specified by NFPA 70-2005 or other electrical codes in effect by the local authority having jurisdiction (AHJ). However, these minimum safety requirements are typically not sufficient to support the operation of electronic equipment. 6.3.2 COMMON CAUSES OF POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS Table 6-1 summarizes some of the common causes of power quality problems. (See IEEE STD 1159- R2001 for additional information.) 6-12 68P81089E50-B 9/1/05
STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUNICATION SITES POWER QUALITY TABLE 6-1 COMMON CAUSES OF POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS Problem Common Cause Frequency Deviation • Faults on the bulk power transmission system • Large block of load being disconnected • Large source of generation going off-line • Generator system faults Voltage Sags (or dips) See Figure 6-5 on page 6-14 for example. Voltage Swells See Figure 6-5 on page 6-14 for examples. Transients See Figure 6-6 on page 6-14 for example. Total Harmonic Distortion (> 5%) See Figure 6-7 and Figure 6-8 on page 6-14 for examples. • System faults • Switching of heavy loads • Starting of large motors • Large load changes • Adverse weather conditions FIGURE 6-4 NORMAL SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM • System faults • Single line-to-ground fault on the system resulting in a temporary voltage rise on the non-faulted phases • Switching off a large load • Switching on a large capacitor bank • Adverse weather conditions • Lightning • Load switching • Fault clearing • Capacitor discharge • Utility switching • Normal operation of nonlinear devices • Noise generating loads • Poor grounding (earthing) • Synthesized sine wave from a UPS or power conditioner 68P81089E50-B 9/1/05 6-13
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POWER QUALITY CHAPTER 6: POWER SOURCES<br />
The objective of Motorola site <strong>st<strong>and</strong>ards</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>guidelines</strong> is to establish benchmarks <strong>for</strong> designing<br />
optimum equipment operating environments. Providing quality power to electronic equipment is a key<br />
to system availability <strong>and</strong> system reliability.<br />
See “Glossary” on page 1-11 <strong>for</strong> definitions of terms relating to power quality.<br />
6.3.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER QUALITY<br />
This paragraph presents a brief introduction to power quality. See IEEE STD 519, IEEE STD 1100 <strong>and</strong><br />
IEEE STD 1159 <strong>for</strong> additional in<strong>for</strong>mation. The requirements <strong>and</strong> recommendations presented in this<br />
paragraph take into consideration established industry codes <strong>and</strong> <strong>st<strong>and</strong>ards</strong> <strong>for</strong> achieving operational<br />
environments that are suitable <strong>for</strong> electronic equipment. The American National St<strong>and</strong>ards Institute<br />
(ANSI), British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution (BS), Institute of Electrical <strong>and</strong> Electronics Engineers (IEEE),<br />
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), <strong>and</strong> the Tele<strong>communication</strong>s Industry Association<br />
(TIA) have developed steps necessary <strong>for</strong> establishing a foundation to support the operation of<br />
electronic equipment.<br />
The quality of power supplied to electronic equipment is influenced by, but not limited to, the<br />
following:<br />
• Equipment load requirements<br />
• Grounding (earthing) of the facility<br />
• Sufficient delivery of power<br />
• Interaction between connected loads<br />
• Internal <strong>and</strong> external wiring<br />
• Placement of the electronic equipment within the facilities<br />
Many of the areas of concern affecting power quality are also addressed as minimum safety<br />
requirements specified by NFPA 70-2005 or other electrical codes in effect by the local authority having<br />
jurisdiction (AHJ). However, these minimum safety requirements are typically not sufficient to support<br />
the operation of electronic equipment.<br />
6.3.2 COMMON CAUSES OF POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS<br />
Table 6-1 summarizes some of the common causes of power quality problems. (See IEEE STD 1159-<br />
R2001 <strong>for</strong> additional in<strong>for</strong>mation.)<br />
6-12 68P81089E50-B 9/1/05
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