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SPECIAL GROUNDING (EARTHING) SITUATIONS CHAPTER 4: EXTERNAL GROUNDING (EARTHING) COMMUNICATION A SITE See Table 4-8 on page 4-94 for proper conductor sizing based on length. UFER GROUND FIGURE 4-69 EXAMPLE OF SOILLESS GROUND SYSTEM AREAS OF AVAILABLE SOIL NOTE: The concept of drilling holes in solid rock to insert a ground rod surrounded by a grounding electrode encasement material is generally considered to be ineffective and should not be used without additional grounding electrode system components. Solid rock is no more conductive in a hole than on the surface. Radial grounding conductors encased in a grounding electrode encasement material, such as conductive concrete, would be more effective and more economical. 4.11.5 SAND, CORAL, OR LIMESTONE ENVIRONMENTS Sites with very high soil resistivity, such as sites with sand, coral and limestone, may require special grounding (earthing) techniques in order to achieve an effectively grounded site. Some options to help achieve an effectively grounded site are as follows: • Consult with Motorola Engineering or other engineering firm. • Installation of concrete-encased electrodes as part of new construction. See “Concrete-Encased Electrodes” on page 4-20. • In addition to the building and tower ground rings, installation of radial grounding conductors with vertical ground rods throughout the available property. Install radial grounding conductors and rods as specified in this chapter. Encasing all components in a grounding electrode encasement material can further increase the effectiveness of the grounding electrode system. • Installation of electrolytic ground rod systems instead of standard ground rods. See “Electrolytic Ground Rods” on page 4-16. • In addition to the building and tower ground rings, installation of a grounding electrode grid system throughout the site. See “Sites With Limited Space for the Grounding (Earthing) Electrode System” on page 4-90. 4-96 68P81089E50-B 9/1/05
STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUNICATION SITES SPECIAL GROUNDING (EARTHING) SITUATIONS • Using multiple large copper plates (0.88 to 1.8 m2 (10 to 20 ft2 .)) buried to an optimal depth of 1.5 m to 2.4 m (5 to 8 ft.). The plates are placed vertically on edge and bonded to the grounding electrode system using exothermically welded 35 mm 2 csa (#2 AWG) solid copper wire. Placing the plates on vertical edge allows the plates to be buried with a minimum of excavation and may make it possible to obtain more surface area contact with the soil when backfilling. The use of a number of well-placed ground plates in parallel is preferred to placing longer rows of ground plates (IEEE STD 142-1991, section 4.2.4). Encasing the ground plates in a grounding electrode encasement material can further increase the effectiveness of the grounding electrode system. 4.11.6 SHALLOW TOPSOIL ENVIRONMENTS Some sites are located in areas where bedrock is near the surface or where the top soil is less than 305 mm (1 ft.) deep. These areas require installation of specialized grounding (earthing) electrode systems and may require the support of an engineering firm. Requirements and recommendations for grounding electrode systems in areas with shallow topsoil are provided below. Reasonable attempts should be made to use as many options as possible and as needed to meet the ground resistance requirements of the site. See NFPA 780-2004, section 4.13.8.1 for additional information. • Consult with Motorola Engineering or other engineering firm. • Installation of concrete-encased electrodes as part of new construction. See “Concrete-Encased Electrodes” on page 4-20. • Installation of ground rings around the building and tower, with the ground rings buried as deep as the soil will allow. The ground rings should be encased in a grounding electrode encasement material. A conductive concrete may be the best grounding electrode encasement material for use in shallow topsoil environments, since the conductive concrete would not require a covering of topsoil for protection. See “External Building and Tower Ground Ring” on page 4-22. • Installation of ground plates along the length of the ground rings instead of vertical ground rods. The ground plates should be encased in a grounding electrode encasement material. See “Grounding (Earthing) Electrode Encasement Materials” on page 4-27 and “Ground Plate Electrodes” on page 4-19. • Installation of a grounding electrode grid system, using ground plates instead of vertical ground rods. The grounding conductors and ground plates shall be buried as deep as the soil will allow. The grounding conductors should be encased in a grounding electrode encasement material. A conductive concrete may be the best grounding electrode encasement material for use in shallow topsoil environments, since the conductive concrete would not require a covering of topsoil for protection. See “Sites With Limited Space for the Grounding (Earthing) Electrode System” on page 4-90 and Figure 4-66 on page 4-91 for additional information on grounding electrode grid systems. • Installation of electrolytic ground rod systems. See “Electrolytic Ground Rods” on page 4-16. 68P81089E50-B 9/1/05 4-97
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introd
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STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 This manua
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CHAPTER 2 SITE DESIGN AND DEVELOPME
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CHAPTER 3 COMMUNICATION SITE BUILDI
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CHAPTER 4 EXTERNAL GROUNDING (EARTH
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CHAPTER 6 POWER SOURCES 6 6.1 LOCKO
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CHAPTER 7 SURGE PROTECTIVE DEVICES
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CHAPTER 8 MINIMIZING SITE INTERFERE
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CHAPTER 9 EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION 9
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APPENDIX A ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY I
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APPENDIX B SOIL RESISTIVITY MEASURE
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APPENDIX C PROTECTING AGAINST ELECT
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APPENDIX D GROUNDING (EARTHING) ELE
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APPENDIX E GENERAL CONVERSIONS AND
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APPENDIX F R56 COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST
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I NDEX Index Index AC power cabling
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