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SPECIAL GROUNDING (EARTHING) SITUATIONS CHAPTER 4: EXTERNAL GROUNDING (EARTHING) See “Interpreting Test Results” on page B-10 to determine if the desired resistance to earth can be achieved using different rod lengths and/or separation. If the resistance to earth cannot be achieved using standard rods, electrolytic rods should be considered. Burying the grounding conductor in at least 152 mm (6 in.) of grounding electrode encasement material should also be considered as a method of improving the resistance to ground. (See “Grounding (Earthing) Electrode Encasement Materials” on page 4-27.) NOTE: In shallow topsoil conditions, the above grounding electrode grid system can utilize ground plates instead of ground rods. 4.11.3 TOWERS WITH LIMITED SPACE FOR A GROUND RING Towers installed close to a building may not have adequate space for a complete tower ground ring or for ground rods spaced properly to achieve the resistance requirements of the site. Depending on the available space, the tower can be grounded (earthed) using multiple parallel rods and/or ground radials. (See “Radial (Counterpoise) Grounding Conductors” on page 4-24 and Figure 4-65 on page 4-90.) See “Interpreting Test Results” on page B-10 to determine the number of rods and rod spacing required to achieve the resistance requirements of the site. 4.11.4 STONE MOUNTAIN TOPS Some sites are located on mountaintops because of their RF propagation characteristics. In the instances where there is no, or very little, top soil at the site, special designs will be needed. Some options for an effectively grounded (earthed) site are listed below; reasonable attempts should be made to use as many options as possible and as needed to meet the ground resistance requirements of the site: • Consult with Motorola Engineering or other engineering firm. • Installation of concrete-encased electrodes as part of new construction. See “Concrete-Encased Electrodes” on page 4-20. • Installation of radial grounding conductors from the tower and building throughout the property. Install the radial grounding conductors to a depth allowed by the soil, preferably 457 to 762 mm (18 to 30 in.) Encasing the radial grounding conductors in a grounding electrode encasement material can further increase the effectiveness of the grounding electrode system. See “Radial (Counterpoise) Grounding Conductors” on page 4-24. • Installation of ground rings around the building and tower, with the ground rings buried as deep as the soil will allow. The ground rings should be encased in a grounding electrode encasement material. A conductive concrete may be the best grounding electrode encasement material for use in shallow topsoil environments, since the conductive concrete would not require a covering of topsoil for protection. See “External Building and Tower Ground Ring” on page 4-22 and “Grounding (Earthing) Electrode Encasement Materials” on page 4-27. • Installation of horizontal ground rods or horizontal electrolytic ground rods along the length of the ground rings instead of vertical ground rods. The ground rods shall be installed perpendicular to the building and tower. Encasing the ground rings and horizontal ground rods in a grounding electrode encasement material can further increase the effectiveness of the grounding electrode system. 4-92 68P81089E50-B 9/1/05
STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUNICATION SITES SPECIAL GROUNDING (EARTHING) SITUATIONS COMMUNICATION A SITE UFER GROUND FIGURE 4-67 MOUNTAINTOP SYSTEMS: INSTALLATION OF HORIZONTAL GROUND RODS • Installation of ground plates along the length of the ground rings instead of vertical ground rods. Encasing the ground rings and ground plates in a grounding electrode encasement material can further increase the effectiveness of the grounding electrode system. See “Ground Plate Electrodes” on page 4-19. COMMUNICATION A SITE UFER GROUND VERTICAL GROUND PLATES FIGURE 4-68 MOUNTAINTOP SYSTEMS: INSTALLATION OF GROUND PLATES 68P81089E50-B 9/1/05 4-93
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© 2005 MOTOROLA, INC. ALL RIGHTS R
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introd
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STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 This manua
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CHAPTER 2 SITE DESIGN AND DEVELOPME
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CHAPTER 3 COMMUNICATION SITE BUILDI
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CHAPTER 4 EXTERNAL GROUNDING (EARTH
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CHAPTER 6 POWER SOURCES 6 6.1 LOCKO
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CHAPTER 7 SURGE PROTECTIVE DEVICES
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CHAPTER 8 MINIMIZING SITE INTERFERE
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CHAPTER 9 EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION 9
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APPENDIX A ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY I
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APPENDIX B SOIL RESISTIVITY MEASURE
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APPENDIX C PROTECTING AGAINST ELECT
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APPENDIX D GROUNDING (EARTHING) ELE
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APPENDIX E GENERAL CONVERSIONS AND
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APPENDIX F R56 COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST
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I NDEX Index Index AC power cabling
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