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BONDING TO THE EXTERNAL GROUNDING (EARTHING) ELECTRODE SYSTEM CHAPTER 4: EXTERNAL GROUNDING (EARTHING) 4.6 BONDING TO THE EXTERNAL GROUNDING (EARTHING) ELECTRODE SYSTEM 4.6.1 REQUIREMENTS All below-grade grounding (earthing) electrode system connections shall be joined using exothermic welding or listed irreversible high-compression fittings compressed to a minimum of 13.3 tonnes (12 tons) of pressure, or as otherwise required by the specific component manufacturer (ANSI T1.313- 2003, figure 3(a)). Manufacturer requirements shall be followed for all connections. Connectors and fitting used shall be listed for the purpose, for the type of conductor, and for the size and number of conductors used. All above grade grounding electrode system connections (such as grounding electrode conductor connection to ground bus bars and tower legs) shall be joined using exothermic welding, or listed irreversible high-compression fittings compressed to a minimum of 13.3 tonnes (12 tons) of pressure, or as otherwise required by the specific component manufacturer (ANSI T1.313-2003, figure 3(a)). All above grade bonding connections (such as bonding to ancillary equipment, or bonding coaxial ground kits to bus bars) shall be joined using exothermic welding, listed lugs, listed pressure connectors, listed clamps, or other listed means required by the specific component manufacturer. Connecting hardware shall be designed for the purpose, for the type of conductor, and for the size and number of conductors used. All mechanical connections shall be coated with a listed conductive antioxidant compound. The anti-oxidant compound shall be liberally applied between the two metals (see Figure 4-27)(NFPA 70-2005, Article 250.70). BOLT GROUND LUG NUT LOCKWASHER GROUND BUS BAR OR EQUIPMENT SURFACE METALLIC BONDING SURFACE GROUND LUG FIGURE 4-27 PROPER LOCATION OF WASHER WHEN CONNECTING GROUNDING LUG REMOVE PAINT (IF PRESENT) AND APPLY ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUND LOCKWASHER NOTE: In some instances, exothermic welding may not be possible or may be prohibited by the specific component manufacturer (such as towers or fences); in these cases, other suitable means for bonding is allowed. 4-40 68P81089E50-B 9/1/05
STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUNICATION SITES BONDING TO THE EXTERNAL GROUNDING (EARTHING) ELECTRODE SYSTEM Connecting hardware shall be listed for the purpose, for the type of conductor, and for the size and number of conductors used. All mechanical connections shall be coated with a listed conductive antioxidant compound (NFPA 70-2005, Article 250.70). All exothermic and irreversible compression connections for use on external grounding applications shall be UL 467 listed. Copper connectors shall maintain minimum 88% conductivity rating. Compression systems shall include crimped die index and company logo for purposes of inspection. Aluminum shall not be used for connection purposes. Bonding shall be performed so that a suitable and reliable connection exists. The following requirements shall be observed when bonding grounding connections: • Paint, enamel, lacquer and other nonconductive coatings shall be removed from threads and surface areas where connections are made to ensure good electrical continuity (NFPA 70-2005, Article 250.12). Use of a star washer does not alleviate the requirement to remove nonconductive coatings from attachment surfaces. See Figure 4-27 for proper star/lock washer location. Star washers should only be used as a lock washer. • After bonding to a painted or galvanized structure, the area shall be painted with a zinc-enriched paint. • Exothermic welding is the preferred method for bonding connections to the external grounding electrode system. • Two-hole lugs secured with fasteners in both holes are preferred over single-hole lugs. Two-hole lugs prevent movement of the lug. • When connecting ground lugs or compression terminals to ancillary equipment, such as air conditioners and vent hoods, a lock washer shall be placed on the nut side. See Figure 4-27. Sheet metal screws and/or self-tapping screws shall not be used. • All mechanical connections shall be coated with a listed conductive anti-oxidant compound (NFPA 70-2005, Article 250.70, ANSI T1.334-2002, section 9). The anti-oxidant compound shall be liberally installed between the two metals (see Figure 4-27 on page 4-40). 4.6.2 BONDING METHODS The following paragraphs describe acceptable methods for bonding to the external grounding (earthing) electrode system. Exothermic welding and the use of listed irreversible high-compression fittings are the only acceptable methods for below-grade bonding. Other mechanical connection methods shall not be used below-grade. 4.6.2.1 EXOTHERMIC WELDING Exothermic welding is a method of welding electrical connections without an external heat source, such as electricity or gas. The process is based on the reaction of granular metals which when combined, produce a molten metal. This reaction, which is completed in seconds, takes place in a crucible. The liquid metal flows from the crucible into a mold where it meets the ends of the conductors to be welded. The temperature of the molten metal is sufficient to fuse the metal of the conductors, resulting in a welded molecular bond. Exothermic welding alloys are available for aluminum, copper, and copper to steel connections. 68P81089E50-B 9/1/05 4-41
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© 2005 MOTOROLA, INC. ALL RIGHTS R
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introd
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STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 This manua
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CHAPTER 2 SITE DESIGN AND DEVELOPME
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CHAPTER 3 COMMUNICATION SITE BUILDI
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Page 83 and 84: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
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CHAPTER 5 INTERNAL GROUNDING (EARTH
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CHAPTER 6 POWER SOURCES 6 6.1 LOCKO
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CHAPTER 7 SURGE PROTECTIVE DEVICES
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CHAPTER 8 MINIMIZING SITE INTERFERE
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CHAPTER 9 EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION 9
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APPENDIX A ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY I
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APPENDIX B SOIL RESISTIVITY MEASURE
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APPENDIX C PROTECTING AGAINST ELECT
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APPENDIX D GROUNDING (EARTHING) ELE
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APPENDIX E GENERAL CONVERSIONS AND
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APPENDIX F R56 COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST
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I NDEX Index Index AC power cabling
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