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GROUNDING (EARTHING) ELECTRODE SYSTEM COMPONENT AND INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS CHAPTER 4: EXTERNAL GROUNDING (EARTHING) � � � � � � � � � � � � � � A: Grounding Radials B. Tower Ground Bus Bar and Down Conductor C. Generator Grounding Conductor D. Buried Fuel Tank Grounding Conductor E. External Ground Bus Bar F. Shelter Ground Ring G. Fence Grounding Conductor H. Ground Ring Bonding Conductors (2 minimum) I. Tower Ground Ring J. Earthing Electrodes (Ground Rods) FIGURE 4-4 TYPICAL EXTERNAL GROUNDING ELECTRODE SYSTEM 4-8 68P81089E50-B 9/1/05 � � � � �
STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUNICATION SITES GROUNDING (EARTHING) ELECTRODE SYSTEM COMPONENT AND INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS 4.4.1 GROUNDING (EARTHING) ELECTRODES Grounding (earthing) electrodes are the conducting elements used to connect electrical systems and/or equipment to the earth. The grounding electrodes are placed into the earth to maintain electrical equipment at the potential of the earth. Grounding electrodes may be ground rods, metal plates, concrete encased electrodes, ground rings, electrolytic ground rods, the metal frame of building or structure, and metal underground water pipes (NFPA 70-2005, Article 250 (III)). NOTE: Metallic underground gas piping shall not be used as a grounding electrode (NFPA 70-2005, Article 250.52), but shall be bonded upstream from the equipment shutoff valve to the grounding electrode system as required by NFPA 70-2005, Article 250.104 and NFPA 780-2004, section 4.14.1.3. 4.4.1.1 GROUNDING (EARTHING) ELECTRODE RESISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS AND SPHERE OF INFLUENCE Around a grounding (earthing) electrode, such as a driven ground rod, the resistance of the soil is the sum of the series resistances of virtual concentric shells of earth, located progressively outward from the rod. The shell nearest the ground rod has the smallest circumferential area, or cross section, so it has the highest resistance. Successive outward shells have progressively larger areas, therefore, progressively lower resistances. (IEEE STD 142-1991, section 4.11 and MIL-HDBK-419A). 2X Rod Length Rod Length Concentric Shells FIGURE 4-5 GROUNDING ELECTRODE SPHERE OF INFLUENCE The effect of the concentric shells is that it takes a finite amount of earth for a ground rod to fully realize its resistance value. This finite amount of earth is commonly known as the ground rod's sphere of influence. The sphere of influence for a ground rod is commonly thought of to be a radius around the ground rod equal to its length; the ground rod achieves approximately 94% of its resistance value at this radius (100% is achieved at approximately 2.5 times the rod length) (IEEE STD 142-1991, section 4.1). See Figure 4-5. 68P81089E50-B 9/1/05 4-9
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© 2005 MOTOROLA, INC. ALL RIGHTS R
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introd
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STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR COMMUN
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 This manua
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CHAPTER 2 SITE DESIGN AND DEVELOPME
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CHAPTER 5 INTERNAL GROUNDING (EARTH
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CHAPTER 6 POWER SOURCES 6 6.1 LOCKO
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CHAPTER 7 SURGE PROTECTIVE DEVICES
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CHAPTER 8 MINIMIZING SITE INTERFERE
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CHAPTER 9 EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION 9
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APPENDIX A ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY I
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APPENDIX B SOIL RESISTIVITY MEASURE
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APPENDIX C PROTECTING AGAINST ELECT
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APPENDIX D GROUNDING (EARTHING) ELE
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APPENDIX E GENERAL CONVERSIONS AND
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APPENDIX F R56 COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST
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I NDEX Index Index AC power cabling
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