Septoria and Stagonospora Diseases of Cereals - CIMMYT ...

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In Germany, Rambow (1990) indicated that infected seed was the main source of primary inoculum. In Poland, Arseniuk et al. (1998) reported that higher seed infestation by S. nodorum resulted in higher disease levels in the field. Stagonospora nodorum was found in 98% of the wheat seed samples tested in North Carolina, USA, and the fungus survived for more than two years on stored seed (Babadoost and Hebert, 1984). Using seed lots infected 1% to 40% with S. nodorum, Luke et al. (1986) reported that 10% seed infection was adequate to cause a severe epidemic in the southeastern USA. In the northeastern USA, Shah et al. (1995) found that in 1990-91, a season mildly conductive to disease development, plots sown to seed with less than 1% infection by S. nodorum developed epidemics. In 1991-92, epidemics were initiated with seed infection levels as low as 0.5%. They demonstrated that the same isolates in the seed used for planting were found in the seed harvested. This indicated that seed populations of S. nodorum could initiate epidemics of SNB in new locations and could provide year-toyear perpetuation of these populations. In Manitoba, Canada, plants from shriveled seed caused by S. nodorum had lower seedling vigor but with increased number of tillers on plants from the shriveled seed, the yield from plump or shriveled seed plots could not be differentiated (Gilbert et al., 1995). When disease-free seed is not available, chemical treatments and fungicides can be used to reduce or eliminate Septoria/Stagonospora pathogens from seed used for planting (Eyal, 1981; King et al., 1983; Shipton et al., 1971). The use of fungicides for seed treatment are covered by other authors in these proceedings. Conclusion With relatively low value crops such as small cereal grains, there is a need for cultural management practices that can reduce the impact of diseases (Howard, 1996). With the adoption of conservation tillage practices, additional longterm research is needed to minimize disease severity with integrated diverse cropping systems. Hopefully new experiments that study the interaction of cultural practices, including the development of new crop rotation sequences, will provide additional information in the future. Adapted resistant cultivars, which are an important factor in reducing disease epidemics, should be used when available. The best strategy to minimize the impact of Septoria/ Stagonospora diseases is to integrate several cultural practices into one system. The integration of several cultural practices should minimize disease impacts on the economics for the grower without increasing the cost of production. Acknowledgments I thank B. M. Cunfer and D. E. Mathre for their reviews and constructive comments. Mention of a trademark, proprietary product, or company by USDA personnel is intended for explicit description only and does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the USDA and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may also be suitable. USDA-ARS, Northern Plains Area, is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer and all agency services are available without discrimination. Influence of Cultural Practices on Septoria/Stagonospora Diseases 109 References Arseniuk, E., Góral, T., Sowa, W., Czembor, H.J., Krysiak, H., and Scharen, A.L. 1998. Transmission of Stagonospora nodorum and Fusarium spp. on triticale and wheat seed and the effect of seedborne Stagonospora nodorum on disease severity under field conditions. J. Phytopathology 146:339-345. Babadoost, M. and Hebert, T.T. 1984. Incidence of Septoria nodorum in wheat seed and its effects on plant growth and grain yield. Plant Dis. 68:125-129. Bailey, K.L., and Duczek, L.J. 1996. Managing cereal diseases under reduced tillage. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 18:159-167. Bailey, K.L., Mortensen K., and Lafond, G.P. 1992. Effects of tillage systems and crop rotations on root and foliar diseases of wheat, flax, and field peas in Saskatchewan. Can. J. Plant Sci. 72:583-591. Bannon, F.J., and Cooke, B.M. 1998. Studies on dispersal of Septoria tritici pycnidiospores in wheatclover intercrops. Plant Pathol. 47:49-56. Broscious, S.C., Frank, J.A., and Frederick, J.R. 1985. Influence of winter wheat management practices on the severity of powdery mildew and septoria blotch in Pennsylvania. Phytopathology 75:536-542. Büschbell, T., and Hoffmann, G.M. 1992. [The effects of different nitrogen regimes on the epidemiological development of pathogens on winter wheat and their control.] Z. PflKrankh. Pflchutz 99:381-403. Cook, R.J., and Veseth, R.J. 1991. Wheat health management. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, 152 pages. Cox, W.J., Bergstrom, G.C., Reid, W.S., Sorrells, M.E., and Otis, D.J. 1989. Fungicide and nitrogen effects on winter wheat under low foliar disease severity. Crop Sci. 29:164- 170. Cunfer, B.M. 1998. Seasonal availability of inoculum of Stagonospora nodorum in the field in the southeastern U.S. Cereal Res. Comm. 26:259-263. Ditsch, D.C., and Grove, J.H. 1991. Influence of tillage on plant populations, disease incidence, and grain yield of two soft red winter wheat cultivars. J. Prod. Agric. 4:360-365.
110 Session 6A / Session 6B — J.M. Krupinsky Eyal, Z. 1981. Integrated control of Septoria diseases of wheat. Plant Dis. 65:763-768. Fernandez, M.R., Fernandes, J.M., and Sutton, J.C. 1993. Effects of fallow and of summer and winter crops on survival of wheat pathogens in crop residues. Plant Dis. 77:698-703. Fernandez, M.R., Zentner, R.P., McConkey, B.G., and Campbell, C.A. 1998. Effects of crop rotations and fertilizer management on leaf spotting diseases of spring wheat in southwestern Saskatchewan. Can. J. Plant Sci. 78:489-496. Gilbert, J., Tekauz, A., and Woods, S.M. 1995. Effect of Phaeosphaeria nodoruminduced seed shriveling on subsequent wheat emergence and plant growth. Euphytica 82:9-16. Gooding, M.J., Kettlewell, P.S., and Davies, W.P. 1988. Disease suppression by late season urea sprays on winter wheat and interaction with fungicide. J. Fertilizer Issues 5:19-23. Howard, D.D., Chambers, A.Y., and Logan, J. 1994. Nitrogen and fungicide effects on yield components and disease severity in wheat. J. Prod. Agric. 7:448-454. Howard, R.J. 1996. Cultural control of plant disease: a historical perspective. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 18:145-150. Jenkyn, J.F., and King, J.E. 1988. Effects of treatments to perennial ryegrass on the development of Septoria spp. in a subsequent crop of winter wheat. Plant Pathol. 37:112-119. Käesbohrer, M., and Hoffmann, G.M., 1989. [Contribution to the population dynamics of Septoria nodorum in wheat crop systems.] Z. PflKrankh. Pflchutz 96:379-392. King, J.E., Cook, R. J., and Melville, S.C. 1983. A review of septoria diseases of wheat and barley. Ann. Appl. Biol. 103:345-373. Krupinsky, J.M., Halvorson, A.D., and Black, A.L. 1998. Leaf spot diseases of wheat in a conservation tillage study. Pages 322-326. In: Helminthosporium Blights of Wheat: Spot Blotch and Tan Spot. Duveiller, E., Dubin, H.J., Reeves, J. and McNab, A. eds. Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT. 376 pages. Krupinsky, J.M., McMullen, M., Bailey, K.L., Duczek,L.J., and Gossen, B.D. 1997. Diseases. Pages 29-33. In: Zero tillage, Advancing the Art. Manitoba- North Dakota Zero-till Tillage Farmers Association. 40 pages. Leitch, M.H., and Jenkins, P.D. 1995. Influence of nitrogen on the development of Septoria epidemics in winter wheat. J. Agric. Sci. 124:361- 368. Luke, H.H., Pfahler, P.L., and Barnett, R.D. 1983. Control of Septoria nodorum on wheat with crop rotation and seed treatment. Plant Dis. 67:949- 951. Luke, H.H., Barnett, R.D., and Pfahler, P.L. 1985. Influence of soil infestation, seed infection, and seed treatment on Septoria nodorum blotch of wheat. Plant Dis. 69:74-76. Luke, H.H., Barnett, R.D., and Pfahler, P.L. 1986. Development of Septoria nodorum blotch on wheat from infected and treated seed. Plant Dis. 70:252-254. Milus, E.A., and Chalkley, D.B. 1997. Effect of previous crop, seedborne inoculum, and fungicides on development of Stagonospora blotch. Plant Dis. 81:1279-1283. Murray, G.M., Martin, R.H., and Cullis, B.R. 1990. Relationship of the severity of Septoria tritici blotch of wheat to sowing time, rainfall at heading and average susceptibility of wheat cultivars in the area. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 41:307-315. Naylor, R.E.L., and Su, J. 1988. Comparison of disease incidence on triticale and wheat at different nitrogen levels without fungicide treatment. Test of Agrochemicals and Cultivars 9:110-111. Odorfer, A., Obst, A., and Pommer, G. 1994. [The effects of different leaf crops in long lasting monoculture with winter wheat. 2 nd communication: Disease development and effects of phytosanitary measures]. Agribiol. Res. 47:56-66. Orth, C.E., and Grybauskas, A.P. 1994. Development of Septoria nodorum blotch on winter wheat under two cultivation schemes in Maryland. Plant Dis. 78.736-741. Pedersen, E.A., and Hughes, G.R. 1992. The effect of crop rotation on development of the septoria complex on spring wheat in Saskatchewan. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 14:152-158. Rambow, M. 1990. [The importance of seed infestation as an infection source for Septoria nodorum Berk.] Plant Protection Bull. 44:153-155. Reis, E.M., Santos, H.P., Lhamby, J.C.B., and Blum, M.C. 1992. Effect of soil management and crop rotation on the control of leaf blotches of wheat in Southern Brazil. Pages 217-236. In: Congresso Interamericano de Siembra Directa, 1/ Jornadas Binacionales de Cero Labranza, 2, Villa Giardino. Reis, E.M., Casa, R.T., Blum, M.M.C., Santos, H.P., and Medeiros, C.A. 1997. Effects of cultural practices on the severity of leaf blotches of wheat and their relationship to the incidence of pathogenic fungi in the harvested seed. Fitopatologia Brasileira 22:407-412. Rosen, H.R. 1921. Septoria glume blotch of wheat. Univ. of Arkansas Bull. No. 175. 17 pages. Schuh, W. 1990. Influence of tillage system on disease intensity and spatial pattern of Septoria leaf blotch. Phytopathology 80:1337- 1340. Shah, D., Bergstrom, G.C., and Ueng, P.P. 1995. Initiation of Septoria nodorum blotch epidemics in winter wheat by seedborne Stagonospora nodorum. Phytopathology 85:452-457. Shipton, W.A., Boyd, W.R.J., Rosielle, A.A., and Shearer, B.I. 1971. The common septoria diseases of wheat. Bot. Rev. 37:231-262. Stover, R.W., Francl, L.J., and Jordahl, J.G. 1996. Tillage and fungicide management of foliar diseases in a spring wheat monoculture. J. Prod. Agric. 9:261-265. Sumner, D.R., Doupnik, Jr., B., and Boosalis, M.G. 1981. Effects of reduced tillage and multiple cropping on plant diseases. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 19:167-87. Sutton, J.C., and Vyn, T.J. 1990. Crop sequences and tillage practices in relation to diseases of winter wheat in Ontario. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 12:358-368. Tiedemann, A.V. 1996. Single and combined effects of nitrogen fertilization and ozone on fungal leaf diseases on wheat. J. Plant Dis. and Protection 103:409-419. Tompkins, D.K., Fowler, D.B., and Wright, A.T. 1993. Influence of agronomic practices on canopy microclimate and septoria development in no-till winter wheat produced in the Parkland region of Saskatchewan. Can. J. Plant Sci. 73:331-344. Wiese, M.V. 1987. Compendium of wheat diseases. APS Press, St. Paul, Minn. 112 pages.
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Septoria and Stagonospora Diseases
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ii The Organizing Committee express
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iv 87 Genetic Variability in a Coll
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vi Foreword In the mid-1970s the id
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2 Opening Remarks — S. Rajaram ar
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4 Opening Remarks — S. Rajaram Ta
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6 Opening Remarks — S. Rajaram cu
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8 Opening Remarks — S. Rajaram br
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10 Opening Remarks — S. Rajaram T
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12 Opening Remarks — S. Rajaram t
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14 Opening Remarks — S. Rajaram C
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16 Opening Remarks — S. Rajaram r
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Session 1: Pathogen Biology Biology
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Table 2. The Septoria tritici/Stago
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Molecular Analysis of a DNA Fingerp
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histidine kinase in yeast, although
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According to the previous observati
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cultivars. The presence of pycnidia
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Provided that S. nodorum fungal gen
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;; yy ;; yy 6 28% 1 32% ;y; ; y y ;
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Table 1. Sources of isolates or DNA
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Septoria/Stagonospora Leaf Spot Dis
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Interrelations among Septoria triti
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42 Session 2 — B.M. Cunfer disper
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44 Session 2 — B.M. Cunfer beyond
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46 Aggressiveness of Phaeosphaeria
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48 Session 2 — P. Halama, F. Lala
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50 Growth of Stagonospora nodorum L
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52 Session 3A — G.H.J. Kema and E
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54 A Possible Gene-for-Gene Relatio
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56 Diallel Analysis of Septoria Tri
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Page 67 and 68: 60 Session 3A — L. Gilchrist, C.
Page 69 and 70: 62 Session 3A — L. Gilchrist, C.
Page 71 and 72: 64 Session 3B — E. Arseniuk and P
Page 75 and 76: 68 Cultivar variances Cultivar vari
Page 79 and 80: 72 Session 3B — N.E.A. Murphy, R.
Page 81 and 82: 74 Inheritance of Septoria Nodorum
Page 83 and 84: 76 Session 3B — N.E.A. Murphy, R.
Page 85 and 86: 78 Session 4 — B.A. McDonald, C.C
Page 91 and 92: 84 Session 4 — E. Arseniuk, H.S.
Page 93 and 94: 86 Session 4 — C. Cowger, C.C. Mu
Page 95 and 96: 88 each isolate. Two of the probes
Page 97 and 98: 90 Mating Type-Specific PCR Primers
Page 99 and 100: 92 Session 4 — Bennett, R.S., S.-
Page 101 and 102: 94 Session 5 — M.W. Shaw and the
Page 103 and 104: 96 Session 5 — M.W. Shaw The path
Page 105 and 106: 98 Spore Dispersal of Leaf Blotch P
Page 107 and 108: Session 5 — C.A. Cordo, M.R. Sim
Page 109 and 110: 102 Epidemiology of Seedborne Stago
Page 111 and 112: Session 5 — D.A. Shah and G.C. Be
Page 113 and 114: 106 Session 6A / Session 6B — J.M
Page 115: 108 Session 6A / Session 6B — J.M
Page 119 and 120: Session 6A / Session 6B — C.C. Mu
Page 125 and 126: 118 Session 6C — M. van Ginkel an
Page 135 and 136: Session 6C — G. Shaner 128 An exa
Page 137 and 138: Session 6C — G. Shaner 130 Anothe
Page 139 and 140: Session 6C — M. Díaz de Ackerman
Page 141 and 142: 134 Septoria tritici Resistance Sou
Page 143 and 144: Session 6C — L. Gilchrist et al.
Page 145 and 146: Session 6C — L. Gilchrist et al.
Page 147 and 148: 140 Selecting Wheat for Resistance
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Page 151 and 152: Session 6C — R.M. Gonzalez I., S.
Page 153 and 154: Session 6C — R. Loughman, R.E. Wi
Page 155 and 156: 148 Field Resistance of Wheat to Se
Page 157 and 158: 150 Using Precise Genetic Stocks to
Page 159 and 160: Session 6C — C.M. Ellerbrook, V.
Page 161 and 162: 154 Evaluating Triticum durum x Tri
Page 163 and 164: 156 Sources of Resistance to Septor
Page 165 and 166: Session 6C — H. Toubia-Rahme and
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160 Partial Resistance to Stagonosp
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Session 6C — C.G. Du, L.R. Nelson
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Session 6C — D.E. Fraser, J.P. Mu
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Session 6C — C.G. Du, L.R. Nelson
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Session 6C — M. Mincu 168 Arcsin
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170 Comparison of Greenhouse and Fi
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Session 6C — S.L. Walker, S. Leat
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Session 6D — L.N. Jørgensen, K.E
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176
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Concluding Remarks — Z. Eyal 178
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184 Dr. Patrice Halama Professor In
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186 Dr. Hala Toubia-Rahme Research
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