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National Oil Spill<br />
Contingency Plan<br />
Chapter 7 – Dispersant Use
Contents<br />
Contents ................................................................................................................................................... 2<br />
Maritime New Zealand’s Position on Dispersants for Oil Spill Response ................................................ 3<br />
Maritime NZ approved dispersants ................................................................................................... 3<br />
Deciding whether to use dispersants ................................................................................................ 3<br />
Window of opportunity ...................................................................................................................... 3<br />
Areas where dispersant should not be applied ................................................................................. 3<br />
Dispersant effectiveness ................................................................................................................... 3<br />
Dispersant effectiveness in freshwater ..................................................................................... 4<br />
Effectiveness test results of Maritime NZ dispersant stocks ..................................................... 4<br />
Effectiveness test results of Maritime NZ dispersant stocks on NZ Crude Oils ........................ 5<br />
Dispersant Application .............................................................................................................................. 5<br />
Sea state ........................................................................................................................................... 5<br />
Calm conditions ......................................................................................................................... 5<br />
Rough conditions ...................................................................................................................... 5<br />
Dispersant application options .......................................................................................................... 6<br />
Backpacks ................................................................................................................................. 6<br />
Vessel-based ............................................................................................................................ 6<br />
Fixed-wind aircraft ..................................................................................................................... 6<br />
Helicopter .................................................................................................................................. 6<br />
Application rates ............................................................................................................................... 6<br />
Telling when dispersion has occurred ....................................................................................... 7<br />
Material Safety Data Sheets ..................................................................................................................... 9<br />
Slickgone LTSW ........................................................................................................................ 9<br />
Corexit 9527 ............................................................................................................................11<br />
Corexit 9500 ............................................................................................................................18<br />
OSR-LT ...................................................................................................................................25<br />
Tergo 2-005 .............................................................................................................................42<br />
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Maritime New Zealand’s Position on Dispersants for Oil Spill<br />
Response<br />
It is the policy of Maritime New Zealand that no marine oil spill response option should be ruled out or<br />
limited in advance. This is particularly true for dispersants. Chemical dispersants are an important<br />
option which should always be considered in the most effective ‘first stage’ of a response strategy.<br />
Maritime NZ approved dispersants<br />
Only dispersants approved for use in New Zealand marine waters in accordance with the marine<br />
protection rules Part 132 (1998) can be considered for use.<br />
Dispersants currently approved for use in New Zealand are listed at the rear of this Chapter.<br />
Deciding whether to use dispersants<br />
Maritime NZ has developed “Guidelines for the Use of Oil Dispersants in New Zealand”. The<br />
guidelines provide the decision-making framework to reach and document dispersant decisions. Any<br />
consideration of dispersant use should follow the procedures described in the Guidelines.<br />
The Guidelines include information on:<br />
assessing environmental risk,<br />
whether dispersant use is appropriate,<br />
notification,<br />
assessing likely oil dispersion,<br />
determining dispersant availability,<br />
<strong>safety</strong>,<br />
determining effectiveness of applications, and<br />
response termination.<br />
Window of opportunity<br />
The window of opportunity is the estimated time period available during which chemical dispersants<br />
will effectively disperse oil into the water column. The window of opportunity will vary with different oil<br />
types, the conditions prevailing during a spill, the types of dispersant available, and the method of<br />
application.<br />
Areas where dispersant should not be applied<br />
All New Zealand marine waters are classified as pre-approved for dispersant use under the New<br />
Zealand Marine Oil Spill Response Strategy. However, there may be areas where it is unacceptable<br />
for dispersant to be used based on the pre spill analysis of net environmental benefit. Some of these<br />
areas are identified in Annex 4 (Sensitive Areas and Coastal Information) of the Regional Plans. Other<br />
areas, for example around intake structures, may be identified during the response process when<br />
there is more certainty about the volume and nature of the oils and resources at risk. Although<br />
Regional Marine Oil Spill Contingency Plan may designate areas where dispersant should not be used<br />
the National On-Scene Commander may direct that dispersants be used in such areas if they consider<br />
a net environmental benefit will accrue.<br />
Dispersant effectiveness<br />
Section 5 of the Guidelines for the use of Oil Spill Dispersant (Stevens 2006) describes the general<br />
properties of oils and their likely dispersibilty. However estimates of effectiveness based solely on oil<br />
properties are unreliable and direct assessment of the spilt oil should be used wherever possible.<br />
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Crude oil<br />
source<br />
Dispersant effectiveness in freshwater<br />
DISPERSANT SALT WATER FRESH WATER<br />
Gamlen OSD LT Yes Yes<br />
Tergo R40 Yes Yes<br />
Corexit 9500 Yes Not recommended<br />
Corexit 9527 Yes Not recommended<br />
Shell VDC Yes Not recommended<br />
The largest impact for regional and national marine oil spill response is the fact that neither Corexit<br />
9527 nor Shell VDC are recommended for use with fresh water. This effectively precludes both of<br />
these dispersants for use in fresh water environments.<br />
Effectiveness test results of Maritime NZ dispersant stocks<br />
The following table presents a summary of NZ laboratory effectiveness test results (WSL LR448 test<br />
protocol) undertaken at 15oC, on unweathered oil, at a dispersant to oil ratio (DOR) of 1:25. Shaded<br />
cells indicate effectiveness criteria which indicate that dispersion of fresh oil may be possible.<br />
Viscosity<br />
(mPas, 10s-1<br />
shear rate)<br />
Corexit<br />
9500<br />
Corexit<br />
9527<br />
Gamlen<br />
OSDLT<br />
Slickgone<br />
LTSW<br />
Tergo<br />
R40<br />
Wooly Butt 3 � � � � - -<br />
Murban 6 � � � � - -<br />
Kutubu 11 � � � � � -<br />
Barrow Island 12 � � � � � -<br />
Labuan 14 � � � � � -<br />
Arab Light 31 - � � � � -<br />
Kuwait 38 � � � � � -<br />
Oman 47 - � � � � -<br />
Oman Residue 2058 � � � � � -<br />
Residue - � � � � � -<br />
IFO-380 fuel oil<br />
source<br />
KeeLung, Taiwan 2908 � � � � � �<br />
Santos, Brazil 6294 � � � X � -<br />
Cristobel 8000 � � � X � -<br />
Tokyo 9155 � � � � � -<br />
Nagoya 12086 � � X X X -<br />
Singapore 13268 � � X � X �<br />
Rotterdam/Flushing 15200 � � X X X -<br />
Antwerp 90325 � X X X X -<br />
Notes:<br />
All testing conducted by Cawthron on unweathered oil at 15°C using the WSL LR 448 protocol<br />
modified with a 5 minute mixing period. N=2<br />
All dispersants applied at DOR of 1:25 as Type III dispersants<br />
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Tergo<br />
2005
- indicates not tested<br />
� Shading indicates 15% effectiveness criterion used to indicate likely field effectiveness<br />
Test method generally underestimates dispersant effectiveness on light crude oils and overestimates<br />
dispersant effectiveness on fuel oils<br />
Full test results avavilable in Cawthron Technical Reports<br />
Effectiveness test results of Maritime NZ dispersant stocks on NZ Crude Oils<br />
Crude oil<br />
source<br />
Water<br />
Temp<br />
Corex<br />
it<br />
9500<br />
Corex<br />
it<br />
9527<br />
Gam<br />
len<br />
OSD<br />
LT<br />
Slickg<br />
one<br />
LTSW<br />
Slickg<br />
one<br />
NS<br />
Tui Crude 15º X � X � X X<br />
10º X<br />
Tergo<br />
2005<br />
Comment<br />
Maari Crude 18.5º � X X X X X - The oil can be dispersed only<br />
at the earlier stage of its<br />
weathering,<br />
- Weathered oil, with its high<br />
pour point, is not favorable to<br />
chemical dispersion.<br />
Manaia<br />
Crude<br />
18º<br />
10º<br />
Kupe Condensate - Kupe Condensate has a relatively high pour point and high wax content. If<br />
the seawater temp is above the oil pour point, natural dispersion and<br />
evaporations rates are likely to be high. Chemical dispersion is generally<br />
undesirable because it will reduce evaporative losses and transfer the most<br />
toxic oil fractions into the water.<br />
- When sea temperature is below the pour point, or following weathering,<br />
spilt oil is likely to solidify relatively quickly or form a low toxicity waxy residue<br />
after the light ends evaporate. In either state, the effectiveness of chemical<br />
dispersants will be greatly limited as it will be difficult to apply them at the oilwater<br />
interface where they work.<br />
Maui Condensate Dispersant use not considered necessary due to rapid evaporation of vast<br />
majority of oil.<br />
Dispersant Application<br />
Sea state<br />
Calm conditions<br />
In very calm conditions there may be insufficient energy in the sea to create the small droplets<br />
required for effective dispersion of the oil. Consequently, care must be taken to ensure that either<br />
suitable agitation is provided to break up the treated oil or dispersant is not applied in these conditions.<br />
Rough conditions<br />
When the wind reaches Force 5 (17 – 21 knots) and above, the natural turbulence of the sea means<br />
that oil will be regularly covered by breaking waves. Under these conditions the application of<br />
dispersants can lead to excessive wastage as the water prevents dispersant reaching the oil. In<br />
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addition fine droplets are blown away from the spray area. Thus in these conditions spraying is not<br />
recommended.<br />
Dispersant application options<br />
Backpacks<br />
Backpacks are light, portable and cheap, but have a small payload and low application rate. They can<br />
be useful for application from small boats for limited treatment in difficult to access areas such as<br />
around wharf piles. It is easy to exceed recommended dose rates using backpack applicators.<br />
Vessel-based<br />
Vessel-based systems can be fitted to many types of vessel, but the oil encounter rate is quite low. As<br />
slicks are not of uniform thickness, boats need to be directed by spotter aircraft to areas of thicker oil.<br />
Fixed-wind aircraft<br />
Fixed-wing aircraft based systems allow a rapid response and a high treatment rate. Small aircraft<br />
(e.g. crop spraying aircraft) have a small payload but are useful for near-shore waters. However they<br />
require adaptation and this takes time. Spray nozzles used for crop spraying may not be suitable for<br />
dispersant spraying and therefore have to be changed if they are unable to deliver droplets of 400µm<br />
– 1000µm.<br />
Helicopter<br />
Helicopter-based systems can operate from a base near the spill, and can be used on small spills in<br />
confined or inaccessible situations. The spray nozzles used for crop spraying may not be suitable for<br />
dispersant spraying and therefore have to be changed if they are unable to deliver droplets of 400µm -<br />
1000µm.<br />
Application rates<br />
The ratio of dispersant to oil required for effective dispersal varies between 1:5 and 1:30. Depending<br />
upon the type of oil and prevailing conditions. As a general guide, a dispersant starting ratio (dose<br />
rate) of between 1:20 and 1:30 is recommended.<br />
In calculating application rates an allowance must be made for losses of dispersant spray during its<br />
passage through the air to the sea surface. It is essential to reduce to a minimum those losses due to<br />
wind drift and air turbulence. Large droplets assist in this respect but in addition the aircraft should be<br />
flown as low as <strong>safety</strong> considerations allow. Typically an altitude of 5 – 15m should be used.<br />
Dispersant should be applied as droplets with a mean diameter in the range 600 – 800 m.<br />
1. Determine thickness of oil:<br />
As a general rule, most liquid oils spread to an average thickness of 0.1mm.<br />
2. Determine volume of oil in one hectare:<br />
volume = oil thickness (m) x 10,000 m2<br />
(0.1mm thickness = 1m3 or 1000 litres)<br />
3. Determine application rate:<br />
Application rate (litres/hectare) = volume / dose ratio<br />
Typical starting ratios of dispersant to oil are between 1:20 and 1:30.<br />
(for a dose ratio of 1:20 the appropriate application rate would be 1000/20 = 50 litres/hectare<br />
0.005 litres/m2)<br />
4. Determine application speed or discharge rate (depending on known variables):<br />
discharge rate (litres/sec) = application rate (litres/m2) x swath (m) x speed (m/s)<br />
speed (m/s) = discharge rate (litres/sec)<br />
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Telling when dispersion has occurred<br />
application rate (litres/m2) x swath width (m)<br />
A visible subsurface plume of dispersed oil indicates that an application of dispersant is working.<br />
When no plume is visible in the water column, it is difficult to determine whether the dispersant is<br />
working, but does not definitively mean that the dispersant is not having an effect.<br />
Subsurface plumes of dispersed oil typically have a cloudy appearance, and can range in colour<br />
from brown to white. Some are not visible. When dispersant is working, oil remaining on the water<br />
surface also may change colour.<br />
In some cases, you may not be able to see a subsurface plume even when one is present. When<br />
the water is turbid, you may not be able to see a plume. Sometimes, remaining surface oil and<br />
sheen can mask oil dispersing under the slick, making it hard for you to see the plume.<br />
A subsurface plume may not form instantaneously once dispersant has been a[applied to slick.<br />
In some cases, such as when oil is emulsified, it can take several hours for a plume to form. In<br />
other cases, a visible plume may not form (you then may wish to use sampling to learn whether<br />
dispersion has occurred)<br />
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New Zealand Approved Oil Spill Dispersants<br />
Prior to use in New Zealand marine waters, dispersants must be approved in accordance with the Marine Protection Rules Part 132: Dispersants and<br />
Demulsifiers (or previously approved under the Marine Pollution (Dispersants and Exceptions) Regulations 1975).<br />
Currently-approved dispersants are listed in the table below:<br />
Dispersant Dispersant Dispersant<br />
1100X Enersperse 1037 Shell Dispersant VDC<br />
1100WD Gamlen Oil Dispersant LT Slickgone LTSW<br />
A-B OSR LT Slickgone NS<br />
Atlas OSD Quell Oil C1 Solvex OSD 9 Concentrate<br />
Atpet 787 SD LT[X] Surflo-OW1<br />
Corexit 9500 Shell Dispersant Concentrate Tergo 200-5<br />
Corexit 9527 Shell Dispersant HEC Tergo Oil Spill Remover low toxic<br />
Corexit 9600 Shell Dispersant LTX Tergo Oil Spill Remover WSA<br />
Drew Ameroid Oil Spill Dispersant Shell Dispersant ND Tergo R40<br />
MNZ stockpiled Oil Spill Dispersants<br />
Company Contact Numbers Brand Comment<br />
Chemetal Industries Ltd<br />
PO Box 15783 New Lynn<br />
AUCKLAND.<br />
Address: 664 Rosebank Rd<br />
Avondale<br />
Ashland New Zealand<br />
119 Carbine Road<br />
Mt Wellington<br />
AUCKLAND<br />
Nalco-Exxon Chemicals Ltd<br />
PO Box 3137<br />
NEW PLYMOUTH<br />
Dasic International Ltd<br />
Winchester Hill, Romsey,<br />
Hants SO51 7YD, UK<br />
Ph: (09) 820 3888<br />
Fax: (09) 820 3979<br />
Lorraine du Plessis<br />
Mob 027 444 6970<br />
Peter Slijp<br />
Tel: (09) 276 6620<br />
Fax: (09) 276 6690<br />
Email: pslijp@drewnz.co.nz<br />
Tel: (06) 758 4428<br />
Fax: (06) 757 9648<br />
Gordon McGowan<br />
DDI 06 215 4299<br />
Tel: +44(0)1794512419<br />
Fax: +44(0)1794522346<br />
Tergo 2 – 005<br />
Gamlen Oil Dispersant LT<br />
Corexit 9500<br />
Corexit 9527<br />
Slickgone LTSW<br />
Slickgone NS (Available via<br />
AMSA stockpile)<br />
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This is carried in stock and can be manufactured on<br />
request as they carry raw ingredients.<br />
Can usually manufacture on request large batches (eg 20<br />
x 200 litre drums)<br />
Have no stocks in the country but can bring them in.
Material Safety Data Sheets<br />
Slickgone LTSW<br />
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Corexit 9527<br />
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Corexit 9500<br />
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OSR-LT<br />
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Product Name<br />
SAFETY DATA SHEET<br />
Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification<br />
Tergo 2-005<br />
Synonyms Oil Spill dispersant Type<br />
III<br />
Recommended<br />
Use<br />
Date of<br />
Preparation<br />
Contact<br />
Details:<br />
Supplier Tergo Industries Ltd<br />
Address 664 Rosebank Rd, Avondale<br />
Dispersant for emergency Auckland<br />
response to oil spill New Zealand<br />
21 April 2009 Telephone No. +64 9 820-3888<br />
Section 2: Hazard Identification<br />
Hazard Classification 3.1D, 6.4A<br />
Hazards Statements Warning:<br />
Combustible Liquid<br />
Causes eye irritation.<br />
Precautionary<br />
Statements<br />
Emergency No. NZ 0800 POISON (0800 764<br />
766)<br />
AUS 131126<br />
Keep away from heat/sparks/open flame.<br />
Wear eye/face protection<br />
Store in well ventilated place<br />
If in eyes rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact<br />
lense if present and easy to do so. Continue rinsing.<br />
Wash hands after handling.<br />
Section 3: Composition/Information On Ingredients<br />
Chemical C.A.S No. Proportion<br />
(low
Notes For Medical<br />
Personnel<br />
Remove contact lense if present and easy to do so. Continue<br />
rinsing.<br />
Skin Remove contaminated clothing. Flush affected area with<br />
running water Launder contaminated clothing before re-use.<br />
Inhalation Remove to fresh air.<br />
Treat symptomatically. If aspirated into the lungs during<br />
ingestion,<br />
or from vomiting, chemical pneumonitis or pulmonary<br />
oedema may occur.<br />
Section 5: Fire Fighting Measures<br />
Hazards Flammable after moderate preheating and therefore will support combustion<br />
under extreme conditions of a fire.<br />
Extinguishing Foam, dry chemical powder, Carbon dioxide, water spray or fog (large fires<br />
Media<br />
only)<br />
Protective Gear Fire fighters must use recommended protective equipment and self-contained<br />
breathing apparatus. Hazchem Code 3[Y]<br />
Section 6: Accidental Release Measures<br />
Small Spills Shut off ignition sources. Absorb spill with inert material and place in container for<br />
removal by approved waste management facility.<br />
Large Spills Remove all ignition sources. Wear protective gloves and <strong>safety</strong> glasses. Increase<br />
ventilation. Contain spill with sand, earth or vermiculite. Collect recoverable product<br />
into labelled containers for removal by approved waste management facility.<br />
Section 7: Handling and Storage<br />
Handling Use good occupational work practice. Wear recommended Personal<br />
Protective Equipment (PPE) and observe precautions in section two of this<br />
<strong>safety</strong> <strong>data</strong> <strong>sheet</strong>.<br />
Storage Site Store away from heat and open flames. Store at ambient temperatures.<br />
Keep containers tightly closed and in a well ventilated place.<br />
Packaging Where possible keep in manufacturer’s original container. If container<br />
deteriorates or decanting to smaller quantities the new packaging should be<br />
sturdy polyethylene /polypropylene<br />
Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection<br />
Workplace Exposure<br />
No value assigned by NZ OSH but 2000 mg/m<br />
Standards<br />
3 TWA recommended<br />
based on generic equivalents<br />
Engineering Controls In general, dilution ventilation is a satisfactory health hazard control<br />
for this substance.<br />
Personal Protective<br />
No special equipment needed when handling small quantities. In an<br />
Equipment<br />
industrial environment with large quantities involved, <strong>safety</strong> glasses,<br />
PVC gloves and <strong>safety</strong> footwear are recommended.<br />
Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties<br />
Appearance: Clear to slightly hazy, amber liquid with characteristic<br />
hydrocarbon odour.<br />
Boiling Point (°C): 296<br />
Vapour Pressure (kPa @ 20°C) 200<br />
Water Solubility Miscible<br />
Plus other properties if applicable<br />
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Section 10: Stability and Reactivity<br />
Stability Considered stable under normal conditions<br />
Conditions/Materials to Avoid Sources of heat and ignition, open flames. Strong oxidizing<br />
Hazardous Decomposition<br />
substances.<br />
Thermal decomposition will produce Carbon Dioxide, and<br />
Products<br />
Monoxide and oxides of sulphur<br />
Hazardous Polymerisation Will not occur<br />
Section 11: Toxicological Information<br />
Minimal toxicity and irritation potential.<br />
CAUTION: these values represent established <strong>data</strong> on individual components of the product and must<br />
be interpreted in conjunction with the proportion of that component in the product.<br />
Component % by<br />
wt<br />
Value End Point Route Species<br />
Hydrotreated light distillate 10-60 15000mg/kg LD50 Oral rat<br />
Carcinogenicity OSHA: NO IARC: NO NTP: NO<br />
Section 12: Ecological Information<br />
Species Exposure (hours) End Point Value<br />
Rock oyster 48 EC50 15<br />
Tiger Prawn 96 EC50 15<br />
Mysid Shrimp 96 LC50 >80<br />
Sea Urchin 72 EC50 15.96<br />
Section 13: Disposal Consideration<br />
Dispose in accordance with all applicable local regulations. Contact a licensed waste disposal facility<br />
to assure compliance<br />
Land (NZS 5433 Proper Shipping<br />
Name<br />
Nil<br />
and ADG) Class Nil<br />
UN No. Nil<br />
Packing Group n/a<br />
Hazchem Code n/a<br />
Sea (IMDG/IMO) Proper Shipping<br />
Name<br />
Nil<br />
Class Nil<br />
UN No. Nil<br />
Packing Group n/a<br />
Hazchem Code n/a<br />
Air (IATA) Proper Shipping<br />
Name<br />
Nil<br />
Class Nil<br />
UN No. Nil<br />
Packing Group n/a<br />
Hazchem Code n/a<br />
Section 14: Transport Information<br />
Section 15: Regulatory Information<br />
HSNO Approval HSR002490<br />
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Code<br />
HSNO<br />
Classifications<br />
3.1D,6.4A<br />
HSNO Controls Trigger Quantity<br />
Approved Handler Not required<br />
Site location Certification Not Required<br />
Hazardous Atmosphere Zone Not required<br />
Signage Required 10,000L<br />
Emergency Plan & Secondary<br />
Containment<br />
10,000L<br />
Fire Extinguishers 500L<br />
Section 16: Other Information<br />
National Marine Oil Spill Contingency Plan Page 45 of 45<br />
Chapter 7 – Dispersants Use Issue 7 June 2012