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Film genres: features, functions, evolution

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

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I generi cinematografici: caratteristiche, funzioni, evoluzione

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

cinemafocus.eu

Eppure, si può parlare di un genere

cinematografico "James Bond" (o, più o meno

negli stessi termini, di un genere "Rocky" o

"Rambo")? Probabilmente no, e possiamo provare

ad elencare alcuni dei motivi principali.

Innanzitutto, l'"immagine" del protagonista (e le

associate "immagini pubbliche" degli attori che lo

interpretano, da Sean Connery in poi) è unica,

sebbene sia stata replicata più volte con diversi

gradi di successo, ed è così distintiva che spesso

risulta più interessante delle trame stesse. In

secondo luogo, e d'altra parte, gli "ingredienti"

della saga, in particolare i motivi sessuali e

tecnologici, non sono certamente esclusivi dei

film di Bond. Terzo, gli argomenti/temi sono

condivisi anche da altri tipi di film. In quarto

luogo, si può dire che i film di Bond

"ammicchino" ad altri generi, dalla commedia alla

fantascienza, dall'avventura al romanticismo. Così

la saga di 007 non si è trasformata in un genere

riconosciuto, ma è rimasta un "ciclo" indipendente

di grande successo, come un marchio irripetibile.

Al contrario, i cosiddetti "film catastrofici", che si

può dire inizino nei primi anni '70 con film come

L'avventura del Poseidon (si veda il video qui

sotto), mostrano tutte le qualità per dare vita a un

genere. "I film catastrofici sono film che

descrivono un disastro imminente o in corso come

elemento centrale della trama. I film in genere

presentano grandi cast e trame multiple e si

concentrano sui tentativi dei protagonisti di

evitare, fuggire o affrontare il disastro

presentato" (Nota 6). Tali film, a differenza dei

film di Bond, non sono incentrati su un singolo

personaggio interessante, ma sono unificati dal

livello di "disastro" della trama e dagli sviluppi

condivisi della storia che di solito portano a un

lieto fine (sebbene spesso con una massiccia

perdita di vite umane e altre spaventose

conseguenze). Tali caratteristiche condivise sono

diventate così distintive in un gran numero di film

che il "disastro" qualifica ormai un insieme

specifico di film, cioè un genere (forse all'interno

del più generale genere "avventura", che nel

frattempo ha talmente ampliato il suo campo di

applicazione da essere troppo "generico" come

genere...).

"La nascita di un genere cinematografico è

sempre il risultato di una combinazione di fattori,

70

genre (or, in much the same terms, of a

"Rocky" or "Rambo" genres)? Probably not,

and we can try to list some of the main reasons

for this. First, the "image" of the protagonist

(and the associated "public images" of the

actors playing him, from Sean Connery

onwards) is unique, although it has been

replicated several times with different degrees

of success, and is so distinctive that it is often

more interesting than the plots themselves.

Second, and on the other hand, the

"ingredients" of the saga, most notably the

sexual and technological motifs, are certainly

not unique to the Bond films. Third, the

topics/themes are also shared by other kinds of

films. Fourth, the Bond films can be said to

"beckon" to other genres, from comedy to

science fiction, from adventure to romance.

Thus the 007 saga has not turned into a

recognized genre, but has remained a highly

successful, independent "cycle", like a brand

which cannot be replicated.

By contrast, the so-called "disaster movies",

which can be said to begin in the early 1970s

with movies like The Poseidon adventure

(watch the video below), display all the

qualities to give birth to a genre. "Disaster

films are motion pictures which depict an

impending or ongoing disaster as a central plot

feature. The films typically feature large casts

and multiple storylines and focus on the

protagonists' attempts to avert, escape, or cope

with the disaster presented." (Note 6). Such

movies, unlike the Bond films, are not focussed

on a single interesting character but are unified

by the "disaster" level of the plot and by shared

story developments which usually lead to a

happy end (although often with a massive loss

of lives and other terrifying consequences).

Such shared features have become so

distinctive in a large number of movies that

"disaster" now qualifies a specific set of films,

i.e. a genre (perhaps within the more general

"adventure" genre, which has in the meantime

so widened its scope as to be much too

"generic" as a genre ...).

"The birth of a cinematic genre is always the

outcome of a combination of factors, being the

result of a process in which several cinematic

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