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Film genres: features, functions, evolution

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

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cinemafocus.eu

I generi cinematografici: caratteristiche, funzioni, evoluzione

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

temi principali temi come la diffusione della

civiltà contro gli "indiani selvaggi", il

contrasto tra un selvaggio West senza legge e

l'istituzione di diritto e giustizia, o la

costruzione di un'identità americana legata alla

colonizzazione delle terre occidentali, che il

termine "western" iniziò ad essere assegnato a

film che esibivano tali temi e attivavano

rilevanti aspettative di pubblico (si veda il

video in basso a destra).

to films exhibiting such issues and activating

relevant audience expectations (watch the

video below right).

Follie d'inverno/Swing time (di/by George

Stevens, USA 1936)

Quindi, secondo questa visione, l'emergere di

un nuovo genere è un processo che implica la

presa di coscienza, sia da parte della

produzione (industrie cinematografiche) sia da

parte della ricezione (pubblico

cinematografico) di un insieme di film che

possono essere attribuiti a un certo tipo perché

esprimono specifici tipi di forma e/o

contenuto. Ciò significa che lo stesso genere

può emergere in contesti e in tempi diversi, per

cui è difficile, se non impossibile, "inquadrare"

un genere con una specifica "data di nascita".

Moine (Nota 5) fornisce l'esempio del

cosiddetto "peplum", cioè film ambientati

nell'antichità in contesti egiziani, greci,

romani o anche immaginari: film di questo tipo

furono prodotti precocemente nel cinema

italiano (es. Quo vadis?, di Enrico Guazzoni,

Italia 1913, o Cabiria, di Giovanni Pastrone,

Italia 1914) così come a Hollywood (es. I dieci

comandamenti, di Cecil B. De Mille, USA

1923, o Ben Hur, di Fred Niblo, USA 1926),

ma il termine "peplum" stesso emerse in

Francia solo negli anni '60 e solo dopo che fu

adottato dal pubblico. Perché ciò avvenga,

però, bisognerà attendere la produzione

italiana di film "ideologici" dell'epoca

mussoliniana (come Scipione l'Africano, di

Carmine Gallone, Italia 1937) e dell'immediato

dopoguerra (con film come Le fatiche di

Ercole, di Pietro Francisci, Italia 1957): questo

La carovana dei mormoni/Wagon master (di/by

John Ford, USA 1950)

Thus, according to this view, the emergence of

a new genre is a process which implies an

awareness, from both production (cinema

industries) and reception (cinema audiences)

of a set of films which can be attributed to a

certain type because they express specific

kinds of form and/or content. This means that

the same genre can emerge in different

contexts and at different times, so that it is

difficult, if not impossible, to "pin down" a

genre to a specific "date of birth". Moine (Note

5) provides the example of the so-called

"peplum", i.e. films set in ancient times

in Egyptian, Greek, Roman or even imaginary

contexts: films of this type were produced early

in Italian cinema (e.g. Quo vadis?, by Enrico

Guazzoni, Italy 1913, or Cabiria, by Giovanni

Pastrone, Italy 1914) as well as in Hollywood

(e.g. The ten commandments, by Cecil B. De

Mille, USA 1923, or Ben Hur, by Fred Niblo,

USA 1926), but the term "peplum" itself only

emerged in France in the 1960s, and only after

that it was adopted by general audiences. For

this to take place, however, we have to wait

until the Italian production of Italian

ideological films of the Mussolini era (like

Scipio the African, by Carmine Gallone, Italy

1937) and immediately after the war (with

films like Labours of Hercules, by Pietro

Francisci, Italy 1957): this opened the way to

the big Hollywood productions of the 1950s

(e.g. the remake of The ten commandments -

watch the video below left), which, besides

reaching French screens again, paved the way

67

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