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Film genres: features, functions, evolution

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

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I generi cinematografici: caratteristiche, funzioni, evoluzione

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

cinemafocus.eu

film preesistenti che già presentavano alcune

caratteristiche che sarebbero state adottate nel

nuovo genere? Ad esempio, melodramma

musicale e commedia musicale hanno poco in

comune, eppure ci sono dei rapporti

preesistenti che li accomunano: in questo caso,

la presenza della musica come veicolo per dare

forma a uno spettacolo. Quello che oggi spesso

consideriamo come un classico dei primi

musical come La canzone di Broadway (di

Harry Beaumont, USA 1929) non era

considerato un "musical" quando fu lanciato.

Affinché il genere "musical" emerga come

etichetta indipendente, però, è necessario che

vi siano una serie di film che vadano oltre il

materiale tipico (cioè la musica) e aggiungano

nuovi temi/argomenti collegati a quel materiale

in modo tale che il suo nome (musical) possa

essere usato come etichetta generica: in questo

caso, l'uso specifico della musica come

elemento unificante e strutturante per

esprimere amore e romanticismo in una

coppia. Ma affinché questa nuova etichetta

(musical) venga assegnata a determinati film, il

pubblico deve diventare così consapevole delle

strutture che legano tali film in un'unica

categoria da iniziare a identificarli attraverso il

concetto strutturale. In altre parole, gli

spettatori devono iniziare ad avere aspettative

legate all'etichetta "musical" (come

personaggi, trame, relazioni, stile, ecc.) che

attribuiscano significato a determinati film

sulla base di questo processo. Così, un film di

Astaire-Rogers diventa un "musical" nel

discorso pubblico perché il pubblico inizia ad

aspettarsi una storia d'amore espressa

attraverso il canto e la danza (si veda il video

in basso a sinistra).

Allo stesso modo, il termine "western" è stato

usato per molto tempo in associazione con una

vasta gamma di altri generi, come "film

romantico western", "commedia western",

"melodramma western ", ecc. - tutti film in cui

la pa'aggettivo "western" era usato per

qualificare commedie, melodrammi, ecc., che

condividevano alcuni motivi western

superficiali come personaggi, scene o

iconografia. È stato solo quando un numero

consistente di film ha iniziato a prendere come

66

would be adopted in the new genre? For

example, musical melodrama and musical

comedy have little in common, and yet there

are some pre-existing relationships that they

share: in this case, the presence of music as a

vehicle for giving form to a performance: what

we now often consider as an early musical

classic like The Broadway melody (by Harry

Beaumont, USA 1929) was not considered a

"musical" when it was launched.

In order for the genre "musical" to emerge as

an independent label, however, there must be a

number of films that go beyond the typical

material (i.e. music) and add new

themes/topics connected to that material in

such a way that its name (music) can be used

as a generic label: in this case, the specific use

of music as a unifying and structuring element

to express love and romance in a couple. But

for this new label (musical) to be assigned to

certain films, the audience has to become so

aware of the structures binding such films in a

single category that they start identifying them

through the structural concept. In other words,

viewers must begin having expectations tied to

the label "musical" (like charaters, plots,

relationships, style, etc.) that they attribute

meaning to certain films on the basis of this

process. Thus, an Astaire-Rogers film becomes

a "musical" in public discourse because

audiences start to expect a love story

expressed through singing and dancing (watch

the video below left).

Likewise, the term "western" was used for a

long time in association with a wide range of

other genres, like "western romance", "western

comedy", "western melodrama", etc. - all films

where the adjective "western" was used to

qualify comedies, melodramas, etc., which

shared some superficial western motifs like

characters, scenery or iconography. It was

only when a substantial number of films

started to take as their main themes topics like

the spread of civilization against the "savage

Indians", the contrast between a lawless wild

West and the establishment of law and justice,

or the building of a national American identity

tied to the colonization of the western lands,

that the term "western" began to be assigned

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