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Film genres: features, functions, evolution

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

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I generi cinematografici: caratteristiche, funzioni, evoluzione

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

cinemafocus.eu

"Queste teorie, facendo di un principio

determinista la chiave dell'evoluzione dei

generi, relegano al rango del casuale l'intera

storia dei cambiamenti che interessano i

contesti sociali, culturali e politici dei film, le

modificazioni che intervengono sul sistema

economico ed estetico della loro produzione, e

i cambiamenti nella natura del pubblico e le

loro aspettative. Anche se questo modello

potrebbe essere utile per valutare i generi

classici di Hollywood, nonostante la sua

natura sistematizzante, non è molto rilevante

per una comprensione dei generi dopo l'era

dello "studio system" hollywoodiano, o quelli

che sono fiorìti in luoghi diversi da

Hollywood." (Nota 3)

Tanto per tornare ai generi che abbiamo

brevemente esaminato nella discussione di cui

sopra, le parodie dei western furono realizzate

già negli anni Dieci, e una considerazione dei

contesti socio-culturali ci porta ad osservare

che quello che oggi possiamo percepire come

un esempio "classico" come Ombre rosse

potrebbe essere stato percepito dal suo

pubblico contemporaneo come un film che

riciclava e faceva rivivere forme e convenzioni

dei western precedenti.

D'altronde, come abbiamo visto, la stessa

tendenza di un genere (un tempo) "puro" a

sopravvivere inglobando temi che non

facevano parte delle sue caratteristiche

originarie, consente ai generi di sopravvivere,

anche in forme del tutto diverse, contribuendo

a un processo di ibridazione che è uno degli

aspetti principali dell'evoluzione di un genere.

Nel nuovo secolo, ad esempio, il musical è

stato riproposto sotto forma di melodramma in

Dancer in the dark (si veda il video in basso a

sinistra), dove una povera immigrata ceca negli

USA (la musicista islandese Bjork) combatte

la sua imminente cecità per lavorare e

risparmiare denaro per pagare l'operazione di

suo figlio, che potrebbe salvare anche lui dalla

cecità; o sotto forma di commedia/crimine in

Chicago (si veda il video in basso a destra),

dove due ballerine (Renée Zellweger e

Catherine Zeta-Jones) finiscono entrambe in

principle the key to the evolution of genres,

relegate to the ranks of the coincidental the

whole history of changes affecting the social,

cultural, and political contexts of films, the

modifications that occur to the economic and

aesthetic system of their production, and

changes in the nature of audiences and their

expectations. While this model might be useful

for appraising classical Hollywood genres,

despite its systematizing nature, it is not very

relevant to an understanding of genres after the

studio era, or those that flourished in places

other than Hollywood." (Note 3)

Just to return to the genres we have briefly

examined in the above discussion, parodies of

westerns were made even as early as the

1910s, and a consideration of socio-cultural

contexts leads us to observe that what we may

now perceive as a "classic" example like

Stagecoach may have been perceived by its

contemporary audiences as a film which was

recycling and reviving forms and conventions

of earlier westerns.

Besides, as we have seen, the very tendency of

a (once) "pure" genre to survive by

incorporating themes that were not part of its

original features enable genres to survive,

even in quite different forms, contributing to a

process of hybridization which is one of the

major aspects of genre evolution. In the new

century, for example, the musical has been

revived in the form of melodrama in Dancer in

the dark (watch the video below left, where a

poor Czech immigrant in the U.S.A. (Icelandic

musician Bjork) fights her impending blindness

in order to work and save money to pay for her

son's operation, which may save him from

blindness too; or in the form of comedy/crime

in Chicago (watch the video below right),

where two dancers (Renée Zellweger and

Catherine Zeta-Jones) both end up in jail,

charged with murder, with the latter defended

by a brilliant lawyer (Richard Gere).

64

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