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Film genres: features, functions, evolution

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

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cinemafocus.eu

I generi cinematografici: caratteristiche, funzioni, evoluzione

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

musicali, un tempo famoso ma ora quasi

dimenticato, che riesce a organizzare il suo

ritorno sul palcoscenico con l'aiuto di alcuni

amici: la fine del film è infatti una sorta di

celebrazione di Astaire e, con lui, del glorioso

passato del genere musicale (si veda il video in

basso a sinistra). Come abbiamo accennato per il

western, anche il musical iniziò a incorporare

temi e toni di generi diversi: l'esempio più chiaro

è forse Sette spose per sette fratelli, che è

sostanzialmente un musical ambientato in un

contesto western (si veda il video in basso a

destra).

with the help of some friends: the end of the film

is in fact a sort of celebration of Astaire and,

with him, of the glorious past of the musical

genre (watch the video below left). As we

mentioned about the western, the musical, too,

started to incorporate themes and tones from

different genres: the clearest example is perhaps

Seven brides for seven brothers, which is

basically a musical in a western setting (watch

the video below right).

Spettacolo di varietà/The Band Wagon (di/by

Vincente Minnelli, USA 1953)

Sette spose per sette fratelli/Seven brides for

seven sisters (di/by Stanley Donen, USA 1954)

12.2. L'evoluzione finale: la parodia e la satira

L'evoluzione dei generi, in particolare il loro

passaggio da una fase di maturità "classica"

verso nuove forme (ed eventualmente nuovi

generi o sottogeneri) include quindi fenomeni

come l'inclusione di nuovi temi o argomenti, la

parziale mescolanza con altri generi, la tendenza

a diventare autoreferenziali (e quindi a

raggiungere una sorta di riflessività) e, come

cambiamento più radicale, la comparsa di

parodie del genere cinematografico stesso, in un

certo senso il riconoscimento finale che un

genere ha pienamente sviluppato il suo

potenziale intrinseco e può ora essere sfruttato a

livello secondario, denunciando e satireggiando

le sue forme e le sue convenzioni.

Nelle parodie, temi, argomenti e convenzioni di

un genere vengono riciclati con uno scopo

comico. Questo, ovviamente, presuppone che il

pubblico sia pienamente a conoscenza delle

caratteristiche principali di un dato genere, in

modo che gli spettatori possano riconoscerle:

ciò, a sua volta, offre agli stessi spettatori un

doppio motivo di intrattenimento, poiché

possono godere delle convenzioni originali del

genere parodiato e, allo stesso tempo, godere del

modo comico o satirico in cui vengono trattate

tali convenzioni.

61

12.2. The ultimate evolution: parody and satire

The evolution of genres, especially their

transition fron a "classic" maturity stage

towards new forms (and possibly new genres or

sub-genres) thus includes such phenomena as

the inclusion of new themes or topics, the partial

mixing with other genres, the tendency to

become self-referential (and therefore achieve

some kind of reflexivity) and, as a more radical

change, the appearance of parodies of the film

genre itself, in a way the ultimate recognition

that a genre has fully developed its intrinsic

potential and can now be exploited on a

secondary level, by exposing and satirizing its

forms and conventions.

In parodies, themes, topics and conventions of a

genre are recycled with a comic purpose. This,

of course, presupposes that the audience is fully

knowledgeable with the main features of a given

genre, so that viewers can recognize them: this,

in turn, gives the same viewers a double cause

for entertainment, since they can enjoy the

original conventions of the parodied genre and,

at the same time, enjoy the comic or satirical

way in which such conventions are treated.

Practically every genre has given rise to

corresponding parodies, which have sometimes

been very successful as "original" movies in

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