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Film genres: features, functions, evolution

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

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cinemafocus.eu

I generi cinematografici: caratteristiche, funzioni, evoluzione

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

La visione evoluzionista identifica così diverse

fasi del ciclo di vita di un genere: la nuova forma

prima consolida i suoi tratti essenziali

(iconografia, temi, modelli, ecc.), quindi

raggiunge una fase classica (o maturità) o "età

dell'oro", e in seguito inizia il suo processo di

decadenza, che può assumere varie forme (ad

esempio, una revisione delle sue caratteristiche

originarie, l'introduzione di questioni più

complesse che si discostano dalle sue forme

classiche, una riflessione sulle proprie

caratteristiche, cioè una messa in discussione del

proprio status, fino a raggiungere le forme più

estreme di parodia o satira dei suoi aspetti

specifici). Come vedremo, questa fase "finale"

può far cambiare, fondere o estendere il genere

originario a vari elementi dello stesso o di altri

generi, un processo che possiamo chiamare

"ibridazione". Per esempio,

"Il musical backstage fornisce un'illustrazione

da manuale dello sviluppo di un genere da un

periodo di sperimentazione in cui vengono

stabilite le convenzioni (1929-33) a un periodo

classico durante il quale regna un equilibrio

(1933-53) a un periodo di riflessività dominato

dalla contestazione sotto forma di parodia e

persino dalla decostruzione della lingua madre

di un genere." (Nota 1) (Per un'analisi dettagliata

si veda il Dossier sul Musical.)

Lo studioso di cinema André Bazin ha descritto

in termini simili l'evoluzione del western. Il

western come argomento, tema o ambientazione

era presente quasi dalla nascita del cinema, con

La grande rapina al treno (si veda il video qui

sotto) spesso citato come il primo "western",

sebbene all'epoca questo film fosse promosso

utilizzando altri termini, allora più in voga, come

"film di inseguimento", "film ferroviari" o "film

polizieschi" - in effetti, non esisteva un genere

"western" riconosciuto come tale.

stages in the life cycle of a genre: the new form

first consolidates its essential features

(iconography, themes, patterns, etc.), then

achieves a classic (or maturity) stage or "golden

age", and later begins its process of decadence,

which can take various forms (e.g., a revision of

its original features, the introduction of more

complex issues which depart from its classical

forms, a reflection on its own characteristics, i.e.

questioning its own status, until we reach the

more extreme forms of parody or satire of its

topical aspects). As we shall see, this "final"

stage can cause the original genre to change,

blend with or extend to various elements of the

same or other genres, a process which we can

call "hybridization". For example,

"The backstage musical provides a textbook

illustration of a genre's development from a

period of experimentation in which the

conventions are established (1929-33) to a

classical period during which a balance reigns

(1933-53) to a period of reflexivity dominated by

parody contestation and even deconstruction of a

genre's native tongue." (Note 1)(For a detailed

analysis, see the Dossier on the Musical.)

Film scholar André Bazin has described in

similar terms the evolution of the western.

Western as a topic, theme or setting had been

present almost since the birth of cinema, with

The great train robbery (watch the video below)

often mentioned as the first "western", although

at the time this film was promoted by using

other, then more fashionable terms, like "the

chase film", "the railroad film" or "the crime

film" - indeed, there was no "western" genre

recognized as such.

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