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Film genres: features, functions, evolution

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

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I generi cinematografici: caratteristiche, funzioni, evoluzione

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

cinemafocus.eu

Nel Video 1, le convenzioni di genere indicano

chiaramente questo film come un horror.

Tuttavia, dopo i primi 60 secondi, si sente

"Azione!" e altre voci in sottofondo, e ci

rendiamo conto che si stava girando un film

horror: vediamo il set, e l'attore che viene

aiutato a uscire dalla sua posizione (scopriremo

che soffre di claustrofobia!). Quindi il video

procede con i titoli di testa sovrapposti alla

presentazione del personaggio principale, e non

abbiamo altre indicazioni del suo genere reale.

Tuttavia, se abbiamo familiarità con il regista

De Palma e la sua produzione cinematografica,

abbiamo buone ragioni per supporre che il film

che ci è stato presentato sarà una sorta di thriller

(con la sequenza iniziale che funziona a tutti gli

effetti come una parodia dei film horror). Se

abbiamo visto e ricordiamo il film vero e

proprio (Omicidio a luci rosse) siamo

ovviamente in una posizione migliore per

interpretare e apprezzare questa sequenza di

apertura.

Il Video 2 è, ancora una volta, una chiara

introduzione a un film horror. Tuttavia, anche in

questo caso la nostra precedente conoscenza del

film e del suo regista (Mel Brooks) e/o degli

attori (incluso Gene Wilder) ci consentirà di

assegnare questo film a un genere speciale - la

commedia horror (o, ancora, una parodia dei

film horror, e dei film di Frankenstein in

particolare).

Tutto ciò mostra chiaramente che gli spettatori

iniziano a guardare un film con molti tipi di

informazioni precedenti memorizzate nella loro

mente, per quanto riguarda il film stesso, ma

anche il regista, gli attori, il tema/argomento - e

queste informazioni provengono da ogni sorta di

fonti diverse, come pubblicità, trailer televisivi,

recensioni di film, articoli di giornali e riviste,

discussioni con gli amici, chat, blog, siti Web su

Internet, ecc. Ciò indica alcuni fatti importanti.

Innanzitutto, gli spettatori utilizzano tutte queste

informazioni di base come la parte dall'"alto

verso il basso" (top-down) del processo di

visione, integrandole con le informazioni che

provengono dal "basso" (bottom-up), dal film

che stanno effettivamente guardando. In

secondo luogo, i generi si stabiliscono non solo

attraverso i film stessi, ma anche attraverso

In Video 1, the genre conventions clearly point to

this movie as a horror. However, after the first

60 seconds, we hear "Action!" and other voices

in the background, and we realize that this was a

horror movie being shot: we see the set, and the

actor being helped out of his position (we will

discover that he suffers from claustrophobia!).

Then the video proceeds with the opening credits

superimposed on the presentation of the main

character, and we have no other indication of its

actual genre. However, if we are familiar with

director De Palma and its film production, we

have good reason to assume that the film we have

just been introduced to will be some sort of

thriller (with the opening sequence working at all

effects as a parody of horror films). If we have

seen and remember the actual film (Body double)

we are of course in a better position to interpret

and appreciate this opening sequence.

Video 2 is, again, a clear introduction to a

horror film. However, even in this case our own

previous knowledge of the film and of its director

(Mel Brooks) and/or actors (including Gene

Wilder) will enable us to assign this movie to a

special genre - the comedy-horror (or, again, a

parody of horror films, and of the Frankenstein

films in particular).

All this clearly shows that viewers start watching

a movie with many kinds of previous information

stored in their minds, as regards the movie itself,

but also the director, the actors, the theme/topic -

and this information comes from all sorts of

different sources, like advertisements, TV

trailers, film reviews, newspaper and magazine

articles, discussions with friends, chats, blog and

web sites on the Internet, etc. This points to some

important facts. First, viewers use all this

background information as the top-down part of

the viewing process, integrating it with the

information that comes, bottom-up, from the film

they are actually watching. Second, genres are

established not only through the films themselves,

but also through many other sources of

information which, directly and indirectly, form a

network of communicative discourses which

intersect and interact with the main relationship

between the producers (the film companies) and

the consumers (the audiences), as shown in the

figure at the beginning of this Dossier (Section

52

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