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Film genres: features, functions, evolution

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

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I generi cinematografici: caratteristiche, funzioni, evoluzione

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

cinemafocus.eu

Questa potente funzione che i generi esercitano This powerful function that genres exercise over

sul pubblico è stata considerata, da un lato, in audiences has been considered, on the one hand,

termini di linee guida utili che aiutano e in terms of useful guidelines which assist and

migliorano la comprensione e l'apprezzamento improve viewers' understanding and appreciation

di un film da parte degli spettatori, e, dall'altro, of a movie, and, on the other hand, in terms of

in termini di percorsi prestabiliti che gli pre-determined routes that viewers are obliged to

spettatori sono obbligati a seguire, limitando in follow, in a way limiting their own personal

qualche modo la propria esperienza personale experience with the movie itself and pointing to

con il film stesso e suggerendo significati "preferred" meanings. Both positions have some

"preferiti". Entrambe le posizioni hanno del truth in them, but fail to recognize that audiences

vero, ma non riescono a riconoscere che il are made up of individuals who have their own

pubblico è composto da individui che hanno una "story" in terms of previous experiences and

propria "storia" in termini di esperienze e expectations, and also that multiple users can

aspettative precedenti, e anche che più utenti give rise to multiple (and often conflicting)

possono dare origine a molteplici (e spesso interpretations. In other words, audiences are not

contrastanti) interpretazioni . In altre parole, gli passive subjects, but rather active "constructors"

spettatori non sono soggetti passivi, ma piuttosto of meaning, so that watching a movie is an ongoing

process, in which genre conventions play

attivi "costruttori" di significato, per cui

guardare un film è un processo continuo, in cui their role within the context of an active mind

le convenzioni di genere giocano il loro ruolo who is also alert in spotting deviations from the

nel contesto di una mente attiva, che è anche conventions and in responding to unexpected

vigile nell'individuare deviazioni dalle twists and turns. In order for a movie to be

convenzioni e nel rispondere a colpi di scena successful, at least at the box-office, there must

inaspettati. Perché un film abbia successo, be a sort of tacit, implicit, agreement between the

almeno al botteghino, deve esserci una sorta di film (and its makers) and the audiences, who

tacito, implicito accordo tra il film (e i suoi must accept some essential shared features (the

realizzatori) e il pubblico, che deve accettare "conventions of the genre") but must also feel

alcune essenziali caratteristiche condivise (le " free to orient their viewing according to their

convenzioni del genere") ma deve anche sentirsi own experiences, beliefs, attitudes and values. In

libero di orientare la propria visione secondo le other words, watching a movie is not a matter of

proprie esperienze, credenze, atteggiamenti e "accepting" or "refusing" its form and content,

valori. In altre parole, guardare un film non è but is rather a matter of "negotiating" between

"accettare" o "rifiutare" la sua forma e il suo different interpretations, and even of debating or

contenuto, ma è piuttosto una questione di rejecting them. This also relates to the remark we

"negoziare" tra diverse interpretazioni, e persino have already made, i.e. that working within a

di discuterle o rifiutarle. Ciò si ricollega anche genre means not only making use of wellestablished

conventions ("repetition") but also

all'osservazione che abbiamo già fatto, ovvero

che lavorare all'interno di un genere significa inventing something new and perhaps unexpected

non solo avvalersi di convenzioni consolidate ("variation")(see Part 1). Too much routine gets

("ripetizione") ma anche inventare qualcosa di boring, but too many challenges may lead to the

nuovo e magari inaspettato ("variazione") (si audience's irritation, misunderstanding and, in

veda la Prima parte). Troppa routine diventa extreme cases, to the genre being subverted, thus

noiosa, ma troppe sfide possono portare losing its value and usefulness.

all'irritazione del pubblico, a incomprensioni e,

in casi estremi, al sovvertimento del genere, che

perde così il suo valore e la sua utilità.

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