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Film genres: features, functions, evolution

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

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I generi cinematografici: caratteristiche, funzioni, evoluzione

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

La saga di Alien/The Alien saga

Queste considerazioni ci aiutano anche a

comprendere il potenziale dei generi

cinematografici come agenti socio-culturali. Il

consumo di film di genere, spesso (sebbene oggi

sicuramente meno che in passato) svolto come

esperienza collettiva, fornisce non solo il piacere

di vedere sullo schermo l'espressione dei propri

valori e/o conflitti, ma anche l'opportunità di

vivere l'esperienza della condivisione di

preoccupazioni comuni, di sentire (anche se

forse brevemente e fugacemente) un senso di

"comunità". Naturalmente, come abbiamo

appena visto, questa visione dei generi

cinematografici è sempre filtrata da ideologie

contrapposte.

Allo stesso tempo, però, le funzioni socioculturali

dei generi cinematografici, come li

abbiamo considerati in questa sezione, devono

prestare la dovuta attenzione al ruolo del

pubblico, poiché i film acquisiscono il loro

pieno significato quando vengono

effettivamente visti, analizzati e interpretati da

spettatori reali, che non sono solo destinatari

passivi di suoni e immagini dallo schermo. Le

esperienze degli spettatori con i film precedenti,

le loro motivazioni, aspettative, credenze e

atteggiamenti interagiscono con i film come

testi, rendendo il pubblico parte attiva del

processo, iper cui le funzioni dei generi possono

essere valutate solo alla luce di questa

interazione. Inoltre, la stragrande maggioranza

degli studi sui generi cinematografici riguarda i

film di Hollywood, insinuando così il dubbio di

una visione etnocentrica. Altre industrie

cinematografiche, che sono l'espressione di

culture diverse, producono generi

cinematografici che possono essere interpretati

in modo molto diverso.

Certamente le industrie cinematografiche di

Hollywood (e, almeno in parte, più in generale

These considerations also help us to realize the

potential of film genres as socio-cultural agents.

The consumption of generic films, often

(although now certainly less than in the past)

carried out as a collective experience, provides

not just the pleasure of seeing one's own values

and/or conflicts expressed on the screen, but also

the opportunity to experience the sharing of

common concerns, of feeling (although maybe

briefly and fleetingly) a sense of "community". Of

course, as we have just seen, this view of film

genres is always filtered through opposing

ideologies.

At the same time, however, the socio-cultural

functions of film genres, as we have considered

them in this section, must give due attention to

the role of audiences, since films acquire their

full meaning when they are actually seen,

analysed and interpreted by actual viewers, who

are not just passive recipients of sounds and

images from the screen. Viewers' experiences

with previous films, their motivations,

expectations, beliefs and attitudes interact with

the films as texts, making audiences active

participants in the process, so that the functions

of genres can only be assessed in the light of this

interaction. Also, the vast majority of studies on

film genres deal with Hollywood movies, thereby

insinuating the doubt of an ethnocentric view.

Other film industries, which are the expression of

different cultures, produce film genres that may

be interpreted quite differently.

Certainly the Hollywood (and, at least partially,

more generally Western) cinema industries are

powerful financial corporations, obviously

serving the economic and ideological interest of

their stakeholders, which makes their products

(films, and film genres in particular) capable of

exercising a degree of control on the receptive

side as well, i.e. on audiences. This is a crucial

key in explaining the success of a Hollywood

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