05.02.2022 Views

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

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I generi cinematografici: caratteristiche, funzioni, evoluzione

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

cinemafocus.eu

un'opposizione così drastica deve essere

mitigata evitando semplici dicotomie (ad

esempio non tutti i film del primo tipo mettono

degli uomini in evidenza, e non tutti i film del

secondo tipo mettono le donne in evidenza) -

oltre al fatto che, come abbiamo già menzionato,

i generi spesso si mescolano e le distinzioni

nette non possono essere fatte così facilmente.

L'ultima parte del secolo scorso, e sempre di più

il 21° secolo, hanno visto un enorme sviluppo di

quelli che possono essere generalmente

classificati come "film fantasy" - una sorta di

super-genere che in realtà attraversa diversi

generi più tradizionali come la fantascienza e

l'horror, oltre alla straordinaria produzione di

film di supereroi. La preoccupazione centrale di

tutti questi film sembra essere un conflitto, o

almeno un confronto, tra "l'uomo" e "altri

esseri", come creature non umane, semi-umane e

persino animali. È l'identità umana che è qui

chiaramente in gioco: l'impossibilità dell'uomo

moderno di definire se stesso e la sua natura, di

fronte a "macchine" che non possono essere

semplicemente "utilizzate" ma lasciano il posto

a diversi tipi di relazioni (positive e negative),

con una dimensione virtuale che sembra sempre

più connotare tali relazioni. Così i film

"fantasy", nella loro ricca gamma di

"sottogeneri", sollevano questioni di identità,

inclusione ed esclusione, forze positive e

negative in gioco tra l'uomo e un mondo che sta

rapidamente cambiando i suoi connotati

tradizionali. A partire da James Bond, che “usa”

in modo magistrale macchine e tecnologia senza

dimenticare la sua sensualità (di cui è anche

maestro), e proseguendo con le saghe di Star

Wars e Star Trek, dove androidi e umani si

interfacciano e sono agenti attivi nella lotta tra il

bene e il male, tra le forze della "vita" e quelle

della "morte", i film "fantasy" hanno anche

avuto a che fare con extraterrestri malvagi che si

infiltrano persino nel corpo umano (come nel

franchise di Alien - si veda il video qui sotto), e,

anche se in modi del tutto diversi, con gli

animali come un'altra dimensione della vita

umana e le biotecnologie associate (da Jaws a

Jurassic Park), fino a raggiungere la dimensione

ultra o soprannaturale di generazioni di

supereroi.

opposition needs to be tempered by avoiding

simple dichotomies (e.g. not all movies of the first

class feature men prominently, and not all films

of the second class feature women prominently) -

plus the fact that, as we have already mentioned,

genres often mix and clear-cut distinctions

cannot so easily be made.

The latter part of last century, and increasingly

the 21st century, have witnessed a huge

development of what may generally be classed

"fantasy films" - a sort of super-genre which

actually cuts across several different, more

traditional genres like science-fiction and horror,

plus the amazing production of super-hero films.

The central concern of all these films seems to be

a conflict, or at least a confrontation, between

"man" and "other beings", like non-human, semihuman

and even animal creatures. It is human

identity which is clearly at stake here: modern

(wo)man's impossibility to define her/himself and

her/his nature, when faced with "machines"

which cannot simply be "used" but give way to

different sort of (positive and negative)

relationships, with a virtual dimension which

increasingly seems to connote such relationships.

Thus "fantasy" films, in their rich range of "subgenres",

raise questions of identity, inclusion and

exclusion, positive and negative forces at play

between man and a world that is rapidly

changing its traditional connotations. Starting

with James Bond, who "uses" machines and

technology in a masterly way while not forgetting

his sensuality (of which he is a master, too), and

proceeding with the Star Wars and Star Trek

sagas, where androids and humans interface and

are active agents in the struggle between good

and evil, "life" and "death" forces, "fantasy"

films have also dealt with evil extra-terrestrials

who even infiltrate the human body (as in the

Alien franchise - watch the video below), and,

although in quite different ways, with animals as

another dimension of human life and the

associated biotechnologies (from Jaws to Jurassic

Park), until we reach the ultra- or super-natural

dimension of generations of super-heroes.

46

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