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Film genres: features, functions, evolution

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

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I generi cinematografici: caratteristiche, funzioni, evoluzione

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

cinemafocus.eu

Nosferatu il vampiro/Nosferatu: A Symphony of

Horror/ Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens

(di/by Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau,

Germania/Germany 1922)

King Kong (di/by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest

B. Schoedsack, USA 1933)

Più di recente, in periodi critici simili, i generi

cinematografici hanno aiutato gli spettatori a

distogliere la loro ansia dai problemi sociali ed

economici reali spostando le loro paure su cause

alternative, come hanno cercato di fare i

cosiddetti "film catastrofici": gli anni '70 hanno

visto la produzione di film come L'avventura del

Poseidon (di Ronald Neame, USA 1972),

L'inferno di cristallo (si veda il trailer in basso a

sinistra) e persino il primo blockbuster di

Spielberg, Lo squalo (USA 1975) - ma gli anni

'70 sono stati anche il periodo che ha visto la

guerra del Vietnam, lo scandalo Watergate, la

crisi petrolifera e la recessione economica. Chi

credeva nella funzione alienante dei generi

cinematografici aveva motivo di suggerire che i

pericoli reali fossero sostituiti ed esorcizzati da

pericoli fittizi e lontanissimi, rafforzando così

l'ideologia dei valori sociali dominanti.

Whright (Nota 6) si spinge fino a suggerire che

alcuni dei generi cinematografici più popolari

(in particolare a Hollywood) assolvono tutti a

questa funzione, presentando una visione

semplificata della realtà dove i problemi

vengono risolti in modo superficiale in modo da

lasciare il pubblico "esorcizzato " e soddisfatto

di quello che è solo un altro modo per voltare le

spalle ai problemi "veri". Così i film di

fantascienza traducono i problemi posti

dall'"Altro" in forze aliene; i western mostrano

come la violenza possa portare all'uso della

forza per raggiungere l'ordine legale; e i film di

gangster dimostrano che il "gangster", cioè un

fuorilegge che cerca di salire la scala sociale con

la violenza, è in definitiva un eroe tragico,

destinato al fallimento e forse alla morte, poiché

il successo cercato al di fuori della propria

classe sociale non porta alcuna ricompensa.

Questa visione ideologica viene nascosta

More recently, in similar critical periods film

genres have helped viewers divert their anxiety

from actual social and economic problems by

displacing their fears to alternative causes, as the

so-called disaster movies tried to do: the 1970s

saw the production of films like The Poseidon

adventure (by Ronald Neame, USA 1972), The

towering inferno (watch the trailer below left)

and even the early Spielberg blockbuster Jaws

(USA 1975) - but the 1970s were also the time

that saw the Vietnam War, the Watergate

scandal, the oil crisis and an economic recession.

Those who believe in the alienating function of

film genres had reasons to suggest that real

dangers were replaced and exorcised by

fictitious, far-removed dangers, thus reinforcing

the ideology of the dominant social values.

Whright (Note 6) goes so far as to suggest that

some of the most popular (Hollywood) film

genres all fulfil this function, by presenting a

simplified view of reality where problems are

solved in a superficial way so as to leave the

audience "exorcised" and satisfied with what is

just another way of turning one's back to the

"real" problems. Thus science-fiction films

dissolve the problems posed by "the Other" into

alien forces; westerns show how violence can

lead to the use of force to achieve legal order;

and gangster films demonstrate that the

"gangster", i.e. an outlaw who tries to climb the

social ladder with violence, is ultimately a tragic

hero, destined to failure and possibly death, since

success sought outside one's own social class

brings no reward. This ideological view is hidden

by replacing the real social causes of this human

condition with psychological causes, so that the

gangster's tragic figure is often presented as a

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