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Film genres: features, functions, evolution

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

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I generi cinematografici: caratteristiche, funzioni, evoluzione

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

"escapista", illusoria che i film generici possono

svolgere, soprattutto in momenti particolari della

storia. Il genere musicale degli anni Trenta, ad

esempio, che proponeva storie d'amore in un

contesto sociale (solitamente) di alto livello,

dove i "problemi" potevano essere risolti

cantando e ballando, portando così alla felicità

della coppia in questione (come nei film di Fred

Astaire e Ginger Rogers), è stato visto come un

potente strumento per allontanare il pubblico

dalla realtà della Grande Depressione e verso un

mondo immaginario e illusorio, un modo per

fuggire dalla realtà quotidiana dei problemi

sociali reali. Allo stesso modo, mostri

appartenenti a tradizioni cinematografiche molto

diverse, da Nosferatu di Murnau, realizzato nel

1922 nel difficile periodo della Repubblica

tedesca di Weimar, a Dracula di Tod Browning

(1931) e King Kong di Cooper e Schoedsack nei

primi anni '30 della Grande Depressione

americana (si vedano i video qui sotto),

sembrano allontanare il pubblico dalla realtà

deprimente dei tempi, spostandolo su un altro

livello immaginario:

"[King Kong]... converte il pericolo sociale (la

crisi) in un pericolo sessuale (la

rappresentazione della crisi coinvolge

esclusivamente una donna - Ann è una ladra

prima di diventare il catalizzatore della

passione amorosa di Kong). Allo stesso tempo,

svuota il tempo storico della sua cultura

effettiva (New York negli anni '30) per

sostituirlo con un mondo mitico e immaginario

(il regno di Kong). Non sorprende che

commentatori e critici abbiano spesso visto

nell'irruzione di King Kong a New York il

ritorno, terrificante e fantasmagorico, del

rimosso – sia psichico (l'Altro, il desiderio,

l'onnipotenza delle pulsioni, ecc.), sia sociale (la

Grande Depressione, i cui effetti sono solo

velocemente mostrati all'inizio del film,

ritornando sotto forma di un mostro che

distrugge tutto al suo passaggio)" (Nota 5)

move audiences away from the realities of the

Great Depression and into an imaginary,

illusionary world, a way to escape from the daily

reality of actual social problems. In the same

vein, monsters belonging to vastly different film

traditions, from Murnau's Nosferatu, made in

1922 in the critical period of the German

Republic of Weimar, to Tod Browning's Dracula

(1931) and Cooper and Schoedsack's King Kong

in the early 1930s American Great Depression

(watch the videos below), seem to transfer the

audience away from the depressing reality of the

times, displacing them to another, imaginary

level:

"[King Kong]... converts social danger (the

crisis) into a sexual danger (the representation of

the crisis exclusively involves a woman – Ann is

a thief before becoming the catalyst for Kong’s

amorous passion). At the same time, it empties

historical time of its actual culture (New York in

the 1930s) in order to replace it with a mythical

and imaginary world (the kingdom of Kong). It is

not surprising that commentators and critics have

often seen in the irruption of King Kong in New

York the return, terrifying and phantasmagorical,

of the repressed – whether psychic (the Other,

desire, the all-powerfulness of impulses, etc.), or

social (the Great Depression, the effects of which

are quickly shown and evacuated at the

beginning of the film, returning in the form of a

monster that destroys everything in its passage)"

(Note 5)

43

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