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Film genres: features, functions, evolution

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

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I generi cinematografici: caratteristiche, funzioni, evoluzione

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

cinemafocus.eu

etichette generiche, differenziandolo così dai

suoi possibili concorrenti.

11.2. La funzione socio-culturale

La discussione sulle funzioni che i generi

svolgono nel contesto socio-culturale è stata

pesantemente influenzata da preoccupazioni

ideologiche. Per alcuni, i generi sono uno dei

modi migliori attraverso i quali il pubblico può

vedere le proprie speranze, aspirazioni, valori,

credenze e atteggiamenti rispecchiati sullo

schermo; per altri, sono invece un modo

attraverso il quale le istituzioni (sia private che

pubbliche) possono veicolare messaggi,

influenzare il comportamento delle persone e

mantenere lo status quo, ovvero i valori e le

ideologie delle classi dominanti e i rapporti di

potere prevalenti. Questo, a sua volta, indica due

concetti molto diversi della funzione dei mass

media nelle società moderne: uno che enfatizza

il valore della produzione popolare (di massa),

l'altro che vede questa produzione come alienata

e repressa dal sistema sociale dominante. In ogni

caso, non c'è dubbio che i generi

cinematografici, come tutti gli altri artefatti

culturali, non siano neutri, ma piuttosto

esprimano visioni del mondo diverse, se non

addirittura alternative.

I generi cinematografici (come tutti gli esempi

di "generi") sono caratterizzati da alcuni tratti

ricorrenti, se non ripetitivi, che tendono a fornire

al pubblico personaggi, storie, situazioni che

possono facilmente trasformarsi in stereotipi.

Ora, gli stereotipi sono visioni eccessivamente

semplificate, che negano la singolarità e la

differenziazione e promuovono giudizi di valore

generici e facilmente formulabili - in quanto tali,

si prestano facilmente a ridurre la complessità e

la diversità dei fenomeni a idee semplicistiche.

Il "lieto fine" di molti film (di Hollywood) è

spesso citato per provare come un pubblico

possa essere facilmente influenzato e "alienato"

rispetto alla pura e dura realtà, suggerendo sogni

e aspirazioni che difficilmente possono essere

realizzati per la maggior parte dei membri del

pubblico stesso nel mondo reale. Questo è stato

considerato come un modo per distrarre gli

spettatori dai problemi che li attendono fuori dal

cinema, lontano dallo schermo - una funzione

11.2. The socio-cultural function

The discussion on the functions that genres fulfil

in the socio-cultural context has been heavily

influenced by ideological concerns. For some,

genres are one of the best ways through which

audiences can see their hopes, aspirations,

values, beliefs and attitudes mirrored on the

screen; for others, they are instead a way

through which institutions (both private and

public) can convey messages, influence people's

behaviour and maintain the status quo, i.e. the

values and ideologies of the dominant classes

and the prevailing power relationships. This, in

turn, points to two very different concepts of the

function of mass media in modern societies - one

emphasizing the value of popular (mass)

production, the other seeing this production as

alienated and repressed by the dominant social

system. In any case, there is no doubt that film

genres, as all other cultural artifacts, are not

neutral, but rather express different, even

alternative, world views.

Film genres (like all examples of "genres") are

characterized by some recurring, if not repetitive,

features, which tend to provide audiences with

characters, stories, situations which can easily

turn into stereotypes. Now, stereotypes are oversimplified

views that deny singularity and

differentiation and promote generic, ready-made

value judgments - as such, they lend themselves

easily to reducing the complexity and diversity of

phenomena to simplistic ideas. The "happy

ending" of many (Hollywood) movies is often

cited to show how an audience can easily be

influenced and alienated from the harsh facts of

reality, suggesting dreams and aspirations that

can hardly be realized for most members of the

audience itself in the real world. This has been

considered as a way to distract viewers away

from the problems that await them outside the

theatre, far from the screen - an "escapist",

illusionary function that generic films can fulfil,

especially at particular times in history. The

musical genre of the 1930s, for example, by

offering love stories in a (usually) high-level

social context, where "problems" can be solved

by singing and dancing, leading to the bliss of the

couple in question (remember the Astaire-Rogers

films) has been seen as a powerful instrument to

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