05.02.2022 Views

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

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cinemafocus.eu

I generi cinematografici: caratteristiche, funzioni, evoluzione

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

(come abbiamo visto nella Prima parte di

questo Dossier) - un film di successo non può

essere semplicemente replicato, ma deve offrire

elementi di novità e sorpresa:

"Il genere può essere considerato come un

dispositivo pratico per aiutare qualsiasi

medium di massa a impostare la produzione in

modo coerente ed efficiente e a mettere in

relazione la produzione con le aspettative dei

clienti. Poiché è anche un dispositivo pratico

per consentire ai singoli utenti dei media di

pianificare le proprie scelte, può essere

considerato come un meccanismo per

strutturare le relazioni tra i due principali

soggetti della comunicazione di massa". (Nota

3)

L'idea di una sorta di produzione

cinematografica "a catena di montaggio"

appartiene sicuramente all'epoca d'oro degli

studios di Hollywood, ma anche dopo il crollo

di questo sistema, e nei decenni più recenti, è

ancora ampiamente accettato che poter fare

affidamento su un insieme di generi diversi può

aiutare a prevedere le aspettative del pubblico

(se non proprio controllare la domanda) e, allo

stesso tempo, differenziare la produzione per

soddisfare le esigenze e le preferenze di un

pubblico diverso, con l'ulteriore, importante

vantaggio di aggiungere standardizzazione e

stabilità al processo produttivo.

Tuttavia, rimane in primo luogo la questione di

come identificare un "genere". Altman (Nota 4)

chiama il processo attraverso il quale i

produttori stabiliscono e gestiscono i generi

"The Producer's Game", che ha alcune regole

cruciali:

"1. Dalle informazioni al botteghino, identifica

un film di successo.

2. Analizza il film per scoprire cosa lo ha reso

un successo.

3. Realizza un altro film adottando la presunta

"formula di successo".

4. Controlla le informazioni al botteghino sul

nuovo film e rivaluta di conseguenza la formula

di successo.

5. Usa la formula rivista come base per un altro

novelty and surprise:

"The genre may be considered as a practical

device for helping any mass medium to produce

consistently and efficiently and to relate its

production to the expectations of its customers.

Since it is also a practical device for enabling

individual media users to plan their choices, it

can be considered as a mechanism for ordering

the relations between the two main parties to

mass communication." (Note 3)

The idea of a sort of "assembly-line" production

of movies certainly belongs to the "golden era" of

Hollywood studios, but even after the collapse of

this system, and in more recent decades, it is still

widely accepted that being able to rely on a set of

different genres can help predict audience

expectations (if not really control demand) and,

at the same time, differentiate production in

order to meet the needs and preferences of

different audiences, with the additional,

important, bonus of adding standardization and

stability to the production process.

However, there remains the question of how to

identify a "genre" in the first place. Altman (Note

4) calls the process by which producers establish

and manage genres "The Producer's Game",

which has a few critical rules:

"1. From the box-office information, identify a

successful film.

2. Analyse the film in order to discover what

made it successful.

3. Make another film stressing the assumed

formula for success.

4. Check box-office information on the new film

and reassess the success formula accordingly.

5. Use the revised formula as a basis for another

film.

6. Continue the process indefinitely."

Although this "Game" includes the word

"formula" as one of its main principles, it is

definitely not a rigid set of "rules" - quite the

contrary, it is a highly flexible mechanism which

in based, on the one hand, on the constant

reference to box-office results (i.e. profitability),

and, on the other hand, on a continuous

37

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