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Film genres: features, functions, evolution

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

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I generi cinematografici: caratteristiche, funzioni, evoluzione

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

cinemafocus.eu

eccezione, ovviamente, per i film

esclusivamente per adulti (ad esempio i film

XXX, che beneficiano di una chiara

visualizzazione della loro valutazione, come

segno di appartenenza a un genere particolare e

ben definito.

Anche il significato del genere varia nel tempo,

e man mano che nuovi generi emergono, le

vecchie etichette svaniscono o, forse anche

peggio, assumono una sorta di connotazioni

peggiorative. La commedia "slapstick" e il

"melodramma" sono stati per lungo tempo

generi pienamente riconosciuti, ma nel corso del

tempo hanno perso questa specificità e ora

descrivere un film come "melodrammatico" è

spesso considerato un giudizio negativo. Questo

dovrebbe renderci consapevoli della variabilità

dei significati del genere nel tempo e

dell'importanza di non perdere di vista la storia e

l'evoluzione di un genere per coglierne il pieno

significato e le sue possibili connotazioni.

Tali brevi considerazioni indicano il fatto

cruciale che i generi cinematografici non hanno

significati "unici" o "universali" condivisi da

tutte le parti interessate ai film (come abbiamo

visto, non solo produttori e consumatori), ma

possono essere descritti in termini diversi da tali

soggetti, secondo le loro finalità ed in relazione

ai contesti in cui i generi stessi vengono

identificati e descritti.

10. Non solo generi...

Usare etichette "generiche", ovvero

pubblicizzare e commercializzare un film

assegnandolo a un genere specifico, non è

sempre la prima scelta dei produttori, anzi,

potrebbe essere il contrario. Se è vero che

pubblicizzare un film come "un film pieno

d'azione" o una "sexy commedia musicale" può

fare molto per descriverne il tema e lo stile al

pubblico, e quindi attivare le aspettative degli

spettatori e, di conseguenza, un certo grado di

fiducia che tali film saranno apprezzati almeno

da un certo pubblico, è anche vero che gli

studios, in particolare nell'era d'oro del "sistema

di Hollywood", avevano diversi altri risorse che

potevano utilizzare per promuovere i loro film e,

soprattutto, per renderli il più diversi possibile

pejorative connotations. "Slapstick" comedy and

"melodrama" were for a long time fully

recognized genres, but in the course of time have

lost this specificity and now describing a film as

"melodramatic" is often considered a negative

judgment. This should make us conscious of the

variance of genre meanings across time, and the

importance of not losing sight of the history and

evolution of a genre to capture its full

significance and its possible connotations.

Such brief considerations point to the crucial fact

that film genres do not have "unique" or

"universal" meanings shared by all the parties

concerned with film (as we have seen, not just

producers and consumers), but can be described

in different terms by such parties, according to

their purposes and in relation to the contexts in

which genres themselves come to be identified

and described.

10. Not just genres ...

Using "generic" labels, i.e. publicizing and

marketing a film by assigning it to a specific

genre, is not always the first choice by producers

- indeed, it may be the opposite. While it it true

that advertising a movie as "an action-packed

film" or a "sexy musical comedy" may go a long

way in describing its theme and style to

audiences, and thus activate viewers'

expectations and, accordingly, a certain degree

of confidence that such films will be appreciated

by at least certain audiences, it is also true that

studios, particularly in the golden era of the

"Hollywood system", had several other assets

that they could use to promote their films, and,

most importantly, to make them as different as

possible from the competition. A studio could

(and, in a way, modern production system still

can) rely on actors under contract, directors,

characters, technical processes ("Technicolor",

"Cinerama") and their own trade names (a

"United Artists" release, a "Paramount"

production ... - watch the video below left). Using

these assets could (and can), on the one hand,

save costs, e.g. for producing completely new

publicity campaigns, and, on the other hand,

provide a continuity with previous films that can

be exploited through the audiences' familiarity.

This is one of the reasons why, rather than put an

34

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