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Film genres: features, functions, evolution

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

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cinemafocus.eu

I generi cinematografici: caratteristiche, funzioni, evoluzione

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

e accettare un genere, ci deve essere una serie di

caratteristiche ricorrenti, o convenzioni, che si

possono trovare in ogni specifico film che si

ritenga appartenere a quel particolare genere.

Tuttavia, ciò non significa che i generi possano

essere trasformati in regole ferree: se un film

"generico" (che può cioè essere assegnato a un

genere) si limitasse a ripetere trame, personaggi,

situazioni, ecc. tipici del suo genere, allora ci

sarebbe poco interesse a guardarlo. Ciò a cui il

pubblico si abitua sono le caratteristiche ripetitive,

ma anche, e allo stesso tempo, alcune variazioni

tra i film. In altre parole, l'industria

cinematografica deve sforzarsi di raggiungere un

equilibrio tra ripetizione e variazione, tra

standardizzazione e innovazione. Un film

"generico" dovrebbe invitare gli spettatori a

guardarlo, da un lato, con la certezza che le loro

aspettative saranno confermate, ma, dall'altro, con

la promessa di qualcosa di nuovo e (relativamente)

imprevedibile. Come nota Altman, "la suspense

dei film di genere è quindi quasi sempre una finta

suspense: per partecipare alle forti emozioni del

film dobbiamo provvisoriamente fingere di non

sapere che l'eroina sarà salvata, l'eroe liberato e

la coppia riunita". (Nota 12)

Ciò significa anche che un film "generico" deve

includere più riferimenti intertestuali, cioè

collegamenti ad altri film dello stesso genere, ma

anche ad attori, registi, ecc. Un musical si riferisce

a tutti i musical che sono stati realizzati in epoche

precedenti (vedi La La Land qui sopra); un film di

guerra suggerisce implicitamente tutte le

connessioni con altri film di guerra che abbiamo

già visto; sappiamo cosa aspettarci nella maggior

parte dei casi quando andiamo a vedere un film

con Tom Cruise; e se si è un appassionato di

Quentin Tarantino, il piacere di guardare il suo

nuovo film deriva sicuramente, non solo dalle

caratteristiche del nuovo film, ma anche dal

ricordo dei suoi film precedenti. Ad alcuni registi

(a partire dallo stesso Tarantino) piace fare

riferimento ad altri film oltre che ai propri lavori

precedenti e giocare con le aspettative del

pubblico. Tutto sommato, al pubblico piace sia la

ripetizione che la differenza: se tutto ciò che

ottenessimo da un film fossero situazioni

ripetitive, presto ci annoieremmo; se, invece, tutto

fosse totalmente nuovo, probabilmente

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must be a series of recurring features, or

conventions, that can be found in any specific

movie which is said to belong to that particular

genre. However, this does not mean that genres

can be turned into strict rules: if a "generic"

film (i.e. one that can assigned to a genre) were

just to repeat plots, characters, situations, etc.

that are typical of its genre, then there would

be little interest in watching it. What audiences

get used to are repetitive features, but also, and

at the same time, some variation across movies.

In other words, the film industry must strive to

achjieve a balance between repetition and

variation, between standardization and

innovation. A "generic" movie should invite

viewers to watch it, on the one hand, with the

assurance that their expectations will be

confirmed, but, on the other hand, with the

promise of something new and (relatively)

unpredictable. As Altman notes, "Genre film

suspense is thus almost always fake suspense:

in order to participate in the film's strong

emotions we must provisionally pretend we

don't know that the heroine will be saved, the

hero freed, and the couple reunited." (Note 12)

This also means that a "generic" film must

include several intertextual references, i.e.

links to other films of the same genre, but also

to actors, directors, etc. A musical refers to all

the musicals that were made in earlier times

(see La La Land, above); a war film implicitly

suggests all the connections with other war

films that we have already seen; we know what

to expect in most cases when we go and see a

Tom Cruise film; and if you are a Quentin

Tarantino fan, the pleasure of watching his new

film certainly derives, not only from its new

features, but also from your recollection of his

previous films. Some directors (starting from

Tarantino himself) like to make reference to

other films as well as to their own previous

work and play with the audience's expectations.

All in all, we enjoy both repetition and

difference: if all we got from a film were

repetitive situations, we would soon get bored;

if, on the other hand, everything were totally

new, we would probably find the film difficult

to understand - but, most importantly, we

would not derive the pleasure that comes from

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