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Film genres: features, functions, evolution

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

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cinemafocus.eu

I generi cinematografici: caratteristiche, funzioni, evoluzione

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

una storia d'amore che la musica progressivamente

sottolinea) si sviluppò negli anni '30 utilizzando lo

stesso materiale semantico ma strutturandolo

attraverso l'instaurazione di relazioni, ad es. tra la

musica, e soprattutto la danza, e le implicazioni

affettive e sessuali delle gioie e dei dolori di una

coppia (si ricordino i film di Astaire-Rogers), ma

anche con un nuovo senso dei valori comunitari e

una rinnovata funzione della musica come mezzo

di intrattenimento sociale. Una nuova sintassi

potrebbe quindi consentire a un genere

cinematografico di riflettere e rispondere alle

nuove aspettative del pubblico (ad esempio

controbilanciando le preoccupazioni e la miseria

degli anni della Grande Depressione).

Come esempi, si considerino i due video qui sotto.

Motivi semantici ben consolidati che un pubblico

riconoscerebbe subito includono una trama, che

promette sviluppi interessanti per i suoi

personaggi (tre marinai che si godono una licenza

di 24 ore nel porto di New York nel Video 1 e due

artisti - un'aspirante attrice e un pianista jazz - che

condividono le loro vite a Los Angeles nel Video

2), diverse canzoni e numeri di ballo lungo tutta la

trama, la recitazione che alterna realismo e

movimenti ritmici che seguono la partitura

musicale. Tuttavia (come nel caso di Un dollaro

d'onore sopra citato) è la sintassi, cioè le relazioni

strutturali tra le caratteristiche semantiche, che

struturano i film, stabilendo allo stesso tempo il

loro carattere di rappresentanti dei musical come

genere cinematografico. La narrazione, ad

esempio, lega tra loro i personaggi, a volte

sottolineandone i profili paralleli, a volte facendoli

risaltare da soli o addirittura contrastandoli - e i

legami sono sia "professionali" che

"affettivi/sessuali": in (1) i tre marinai devono

affrontare una scadenza (il congedo di 24 ore),

cercando di vedere il più possibile di New York

City, trovando allo stesso tempo l'amore (in tre

modi abbastanza diversi); in (2) l'attrice e il

pianista sviluppano gradualmente un'intensa

relazione mentre perseguono le proprie carriere.

La trama include incidenti, incomprensioni e altri

piccoli eventi che, tuttavia, contribuiscono molto a

sviluppare la trama. La musica e la danza non

sono ovviamente solo il "linguaggio" dei film, ma

gli elementi costitutivi della storia, poiché si

integrano perfettamente con i sentimenti, le

27

play, combined with a love story which the

music progressively underscores) developed in

the 1930s by using the same semantic material

but structuring it through the establishment of

relationships, e.g. relating the music, and

especially the dancing, with the affective and

sexual implications of a couple's joys and

sorrows (remember the Astaire-Rogers

movies), but also with a new sense of

community values and a renewed function of

music as a means of community entertainment.

A new syntax could thus allow a film genre to

reflect and respond to new audience

expectations (e.g. by counterbalancing the

worries and misery of the Great Depression

years).

As examples, consider the two videos below.

Well-established semantic motifs that an

audience would soon recognize include a

storyline, which promises interesting

developments for its chatacters (three sailors

enjoying a 24-hour shore leave in New York

Harbour in Video 1 and two artists - an

aspiring actress and a jazz pianist - brielfy

sharing their lives in Los Angeles in Video 2),

several songs and dancing numbers all along

the storyline, the acting which alternates

between realism and rhythmic movements

following the musical score. However (as was

the case with Rio Bravo above) it is the syntax,

i.e. the structural relationships between and

among the semantic features, that make the

movies coalesce, while at the same time

establishing their character as representatives

of the musicals as a film genre. The narrative,

for example, binds together the characters,

sometimes underscoring their parallel profiles,

sometimes making them stand out on their own

or even contrasting them - and the links are

both "professional" and "affective/sexual": in

(1) the three sailors must face a deadline (the

24-hour leave), trying to see as much as they

can of New York City, while at the same time

finding a love interest (in three quite different

ways); in (2) the actress and the pianist

gradually develop an intense relationship while

pursuing their own careers. The plot includes

incidents, misunderstandings and other small

events which, however, do much to develop the

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