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Film genres: features, functions, evolution

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

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I generi cinematografici: caratteristiche, funzioni, evoluzione

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

cinemafocus.eu

clienti abituali e i personaggi con atteggiamenti

riconoscibili: il vagabondo selvaggio ma

simpatico, il cattivo sprezzante, e, soprattutto,

John Wayne, che sarà presto identificato come lo

sceriffo. Tuttavia, è la sintassi di questa sequenza

che "tiene insieme" gli elementi semantici e

produce l'effetto complessivo sul pubblico: si

stabilisce immediatamente una rete di relazioni tra

"l'estraneo" (Dean Martin), il cattivo (Claude

Akins) e il rappresentante della legge (John

Wayne), e ci aspettiamo che queste relazioni si

sviluppino nei ben noti conflitti che i western

mettono in scena tra legge e ordine, natura

selvaggia e civiltà, società e estranei. Poiché non

c'è dialogo, tutti questi elementi sono veicolati

attraverso la recitazione (gesti, movimenti,

sguardi...) e i movimenti della macchina da presa,

compreso l'inquadratura verso l'alto che introduce

il personaggio di John Wayne con la sua familiare

aura di qualità personali distintive.

already all there - the open spaces, the wild

landscape, the long caravan across the desert,

the saloon with its usual customers, and the

characters with recognizable attitudes: the wild

but sympathetic tramp, the scornful villain,

and, above all, John Wayne, who will soon be

identified as the sheriff. However, it is the

syntax of this sequence that "holds" the

semantic elements together and produces the

overall effect on the audience: a network of

relationships is immediately established

between the "outsider" (Dean Martin), the

villain (Claude Akins) and the representative of

the law (John Wayne), and we expect these

relationships to develop into the well-known

conflicts that westerns stage between law and

order, wilderness and civilization, society and

outsiders. Since there is no dialogue, all these

elements are conveyed through acting

(gestures, movements, glances ...) and camera

movements, including the "up shot" which

introduces the John Wayne character with his

familiar aura of distinctive personal qualities.

Un dollaro d'onore/Rio bravo (di/by Howard Hawks, USA 1959)

Gli effetti combinati di elementi semantici e

sintattici possono essere ottenuti solo perché noi,

il pubblico, li conosciamo così bene che non

abbiamo nemmeno bisogno di un dialogo per

comprendere e apprezzare il significato totale

della storia che inizia a svolgersi sullo schermo. Il

ruolo delle aspettative degli spettatori è un

elemento cruciale di un genere, come discuteremo

meglio in una sezione successiva.

Considerazioni simili a quelle appena fatte per il

western potrebbero essere applicate ad altri generi

cinematografici. Ad esempio, il musical, nato alla

fine degli anni '20 con un repertorio riconosciuto

di tratti semantici (es. il palcoscenico, i preparativi

per la messa in scena di un'opera teatrale, uniti a

26

The combined effects of semantic and syntactic

elements can only be obtained because we, the

audience, are so familiar with them that we do

not even need a dialogue to understand and

appreciate the total significance of the story

which is starting to unfold on the screen. The

role of the viewers' expectations is a crucial

element of a genre, as we shall better discuss in

a later section.

Similar considerations to the ones just made

for the western could be applied to other film

genres. For example, the musical, which

started in the late 1920s with a stock repertoire

of semantic features (e.g. the setting on a stage,

the preparations for the mise-en-scène of a

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