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Film genres: features, functions, evolution

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

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I generi cinematografici: caratteristiche, funzioni, evoluzione

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

cinemafocus.eu

Gli approcci semantico-strutturali allo studio dei

generi considerano non solo gli elementi semantici

(che abbiamo elencato come convenzioni di

genere), ma anche i modi in cui tali elementi sono

intrecciati, così che, in un particolare genere,

tendono ad essere trattati nel stesso modo, cioè ad

essere organizzati in una struttura simile. Abbiamo

già visto all'opera questo principio nel descrivere

le strutture narrative e abbiamo considerato come i

film appartenenti allo stesso genere sembrano

essere organizzati lungo linee di sviluppo della

storia molto simili. Ora parleremo più in dettaglio

di come la rete di relazioni tra gli elementi

semantici (la sua sintassi) aiuti a stabilire i

significati complessivi veicolati dal film.

Prendendo ancora come esempio il western,

abbiamo visto che motivi semantici ricorrenti

includono spazi (naturali - come deserti,

montagne, canyon, ecc. e umani - come saloon,

banche, stazioni ferroviarie, ecc.), personaggi

(cowboy, "indiani ", sceriffi, agricoltori, ecc.),

oggetti (come pistole, carri, carrozze, ecc.),

situazioni (come attacchi indiani, combattimenti

tra eroi e cattivi, sparatorie, ecc.), ma anche, e

soprattutto, lo spazio e le impostazioni temporali,

in particolare, e in senso lato, il (Far) West

americano nella seconda metà del XIX secolo. (È

interessante notare che, anche se abbiamo citato

L'ultimo dei Mohicani e Pocahontas come film

ambientati negli Stati Uniti orientali nel 18°

secolo, non esiste un genere cinematografico

"orientale", principalmente a causa del fatto che

non ci sono mai stati abbastanza film per

giustificare l'adozione di un altro genere specifico

- un fattore importante che riprenderemo in

seguito, quando parleremo di come i generi

nascono e si evolvono.)

Sebbene i motivi semantici sembrino sufficienti a

giustificare l'esistenza di un genere riconosciuto e

consolidato come "il western", anche gli elementi

sintattici e strutturali di questo genere concorrono

a renderlo originale, soprattutto quando ci si

sofferma sui rapporti che sono tipicamente creati

tra motivi e che conferiscono a ciascun film il suo

"sapore" complessivo di western. Tali relazioni

non sono semplicemente segnalate per la mera

presenza di oggetti fisici, personaggi e situazioni,

ma sono soprattutto veicolate attraverso le

relazioni tra i personaggi, i tratti psicologici dei

24

(which we listed as genre conventions), but

also the ways in which such elements are

woven together, so that, in a particular genre,

they tend to be treated in the same way, i.e. to

be organized in a similar structure. We have

already seen this principle at work in

describing narrative structures, and have

considered how films belonging to the same

genre appear to be organized along similar

lines of story development. Now we will discuss

in more detail how the network of relationships

between semantic elements (its syntax) helps to

establish the overall meanings conveyed by the

film.

Taking once again the western as an example,

we saw that recurring semantic motifs include

spaces (natural, like deserts, mountains,

canyons, etc. and human, like saloons, banks,

railway stations, etc.), characters (cowboys,

"Indians", sheriffs, farmers, etc.), objects (like

guns, wagons, coaches, etc.), situations (like

Indian attacks, fights between heroes and

villains, gunfights, etc.), but also, and most

importantly, its space and time settings,

specifically, and broadly speaking, the

American (Far) West in the second half of the

19th century. (Interestingly, although we

mentioned The last of the Mohicans and

Pocahontas as films set in the eastern U.S.A. in

the 18th century, there is no "eastern" film

genre, mostly due to the fact that there have

never been enough movies to justify the

adoption of another specific genre - an

important factor which we will take up again

later, when discussing how genres are born

and evolve.)

Although the semantic motifs would seem to be

sufficient to justify the existence of a

recognized, established genre as "the western",

the syntactic, structural elements of this genre

also concur to make it distinctive and original,

particularly when we focus on the relationships

that are typically created between motifs, and

which give each film its overall "flavour" as a

western. Such relationships are not simply

pointed out owing to the mere presence of

physical objects, characters and situations, but

are mostly conveyed through the relationships

between characters, the psychological traits of

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