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Film genres: features, functions, evolution

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

This Interactive workshop aims at exploring the origin of genres, their functions in cinema and their evolution, with particular emphasis on the latest developments. We first ask why we need genres at all and examine the variety of classification criteria that can be used. Then we focus on the specific features of genre films, analysing their conventions and their narrative structures. We then explore how different agents (from producers to audiences, from critics to film scholars) have used and still use genres, and highlight their economic, sociocultural and communicative functions. Finally, by taking a historical perspective, we explore how genres have evolved in the course of time and how modern cinema extensively use genre mixing and hybridization, thus pointing to the future of this important but complex category of film analysis. Part of the www.cinemafocus.eu research materials.

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I generi cinematografici: caratteristiche, funzioni, evoluzione

Film genres: features, functions, evolution

cinemafocus.eu

culturale sia come gruppi di film in quanto opere a

sé stanti.

4. Il film come testo: le convenzioni di genere

La nozione stessa di "genere" implica la presenza

di convenzioni - stile, dispositivi narrativi, aspetti

formali o tecniche cinematografiche tipiche di

ogni particolare genere, il cui significato è chiaro

al pubblico e che quindi lo rende riconoscibile

come un gruppo (relativamente) indipendente di

film. Una convenzione è, ad esempio, il fatto che

nei musical, i personaggi spesso passino senza

problemi dal parlare al canto e al ballo, con una

musica che sembra improvvisamente nascere dal

nulla: questo noi, come spettatori, lo accettiamo

prontamente come "parte del gioco" di guardare

un musical, anche se ovviamente ciò toglie una

sensazione di "realismo". Al contrario, questa

convenzione non sarebbe accettabile in un film

drammatico, dove siamo invitati a "sospendere la

nostra incredulità" e ad entrare nel mondo

immaginario del film, che deve garantire un certo

grado di realismo per rappresentare un mondo

illusorio ma "credibile".

4.1. Stile

"Style" is a category of conventions difficult to

"Stile" è una categoria di convenzioni di difficile define, since it includes all the ways in which

definizione, poiché comprende tutti i modi in cui il film language can be used to obtain a certain

linguaggio cinematografico può essere utilizzato effect on the audience; this includes, e.g choice

per ottenere un certo effetto sul pubblico; questo of lenses, camera angles and movements,

include, ad esempio, la scelta di obiettivi, angoli e lighting, colour schemes, editing, special

movimenti della telecamera, l'illuminazione, le effects, etc. Certain genres, however, exhibit

combinazioni di colori, il montaggio, gli effetti easily recognizable "styles" that make it quite

speciali, ecc. Alcuni generi, tuttavia, mostrano easy for the audience to establish the kind of

"stili" facilmente riconoscibili che rendono film they are watching. Film noir, for example,

abbastanza agevole per il pubblico stabilire il tipo employs low-key lighting, dark contexts, night

di film che stanno guardando. Il film noir, ad scenes, as well flashbacks as formal narrative

esempio, utilizza luci soffuse, contesti bui, scene structures (watch the example below left).

notturne e flashback come strutture narrative Horror films similarly use light contrasts,

formali (si veda l'esempio in basso a sinistra). Allo close-ups and tight framing, using the "off

stesso modo, i film horror usano contrasti di luce, screen" as an element of suspense - inviting us

primi piani e inquadrature strette, usando il "fuori to wonder when and how the monster or killer

schermo" come elemento di suspense, invitandoci will actually appear "on" the screen.

a chiederci quando e come il mostro o l'assassino Melodrama often uses stylistic excesses to

appariranno effettivamente "sullo" schermo. Il underline the feelings and emotions of the

melodramma utilizza spesso eccessi stilistici per characters (watch the example below right): an

sottolineare i sentimenti e le emozioni dei excessive mise-en-scène, with vivid colours

personaggi (si veda l'esempio in basso a destra): which highlight the presence of plenty of

una messa in scena eccessiva, con colori vividi objects that become part of the emotional

12

as groups of films as works in their own right.

4. Film as text: genre conventions

The very notion of "genre" implies the presence

of conventions - style, narrative devices, formal

aspects or cinematic techniques that are typical

of each particular genre, whose meaning is

clear to the audience and which thus makes it

recognizable as a (relatively) indepedendent

group of films. A convention is, for example,

the fact that in musicals, characters often move

smoothly from speaking to singing and dancing

to music that suddenly seems to come into

existence out of nowhere: this we, as viewers,

readily accept as "part of the game" of

watching a musical, although it obviously

detracts from a feeling of "realism".

Conversely, this convention would not be

acceptable in a dramatic film, where we are

invited to "suspend our disbelief" and move

into the fictional world of the film, which must

ensure a degree of realism to depict an

illusionary yet "believable" world.

4.1. Style

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