Emotional inteligence
victim—"Why me?"—needs to be addressed. Being the victimof trauma shatters a person's faith that the world is aplace that can be trusted, and that what happens to us inlife is just—that is, that we can have control over our destinyby living a righteous life. The answers to the victim'sconundrum, of course, need not be philosophical or religious;the task is to rebuild a system of belief or faith thatallows living once again as though the world and the peoplein it can be trusted.21. That the original fear persists, even if subdued, has beenshown in studies where lab rats were conditioned to fear asound, such as a bell, when it was paired with an electricshock. Afterward, when they heard the bell they reactedwith fear, even though no shock accompanied it. Gradually,over the course of a year (a very long time for a rat—abouta third of its life), the rats lost their fearfulness of the bell.But the fear was restored in full force when the sound ofthe bell was once again paired with a shock. The fear cameback in a single instant—but took months and months tosubside. The parallel in humans, of course, is when a traumaticfear from long ago, dormant for years, floods back infull force with some reminder of the original trauma.22. Luborsky's therapy research is detailed in Lester Luborskyand Paul Crits-Christoph, Understanding Transference:The CCRT Method (New York: Basic Books, 1990).Chapter 14. Temperament Is Not Destiny634/661
635/6611. See, for example, Jerome Kagan et al., "Initial Reactions toUnfamiliarity," Current Directions in PsychologicalScience (Dec. 1992). The fullest description of the biologyof temperament is in Kagan, Galen's Prophecy.2. Tom and Ralph, archetypically timid and bold types, aredescribed in Kagan, Galen's Prophecy, pp. 155-57.3. Lifelong problems of the shy child: Iris Bell, "IncreasedPrevalence of Stress-related Symptoms in Middle-agedWomen Who Report Childhood Shyness," Annals of BehaviorMedicine 16 (1994).4. The heightened heart rate: Iris R. Bell et al., "Failure ofHeart Rate Habituation During Cognitive and OlfactoryLaboratory Stressors in Young Adults With Childhood Shyness,"Annals of Behavior Medicine 16 (1994).5. Panic in teenagers: Chris Hayward et al., "Pubertal Stageand Panic Attack History in Sixth-and Seventh-gradeGirls," American Journal of Psychiatry vol. 149(9) (Sept.1992), pp. 1239-43; Jerold Rosenbaum et al., "BehavioralInhibition in Childhood: A Risk Factor for AnxietyDisorders," Harvard Review of Psychiatry (May 1993).6. The research on personality and hemispheric differenceswas done by Dr. Richard Davidson at the University ofWisconsin, and by Dr. Andrew Tomarken, a psychologist atVanderbilt University: see Andrew Tomarken and RichardDavidson, "Frontal Brain Activation in Repressors and
- Page 584 and 585: 584/661• Increased ability to "si
- Page 586 and 587: 586/6616. Only in adults: An observ
- Page 588 and 589: 588/661About Emotion. New York: Oxf
- Page 590 and 591: 590/6616. Unconscious preferences:
- Page 592 and 593: 592/661the amygdala are especially
- Page 594 and 595: 594/6613. Richard Herrnstein and Ch
- Page 596 and 597: used statistical methods to assess
- Page 598 and 599: 14. Unconscious fear: The snake stu
- Page 600 and 601: 13. Therapies for anxiety disorder:
- Page 602 and 603: 602/6618. SAT scores of impulsive a
- Page 604 and 605: 26. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Flow:
- Page 606 and 607: 8. Stern, op. cit.606/6619. The dep
- Page 608 and 609: 608/6612. The display rules are in
- Page 610 and 611: 610/6611. There are many ways to ca
- Page 612 and 613: 612/66114. Stonewalling: Gottman, W
- Page 614 and 615: 614/6614. The story of the sarcasti
- Page 616 and 617: Chapter 11. Mind and Medicine616/66
- Page 618 and 619: 618/6619. Of the dozen or so studie
- Page 620 and 621: 620/66122. Stress weakens the immun
- Page 622 and 623: 622/66129. Depression and disease:
- Page 624 and 625: 624/661cortisol, and catecholamines
- Page 626 and 627: 56. Unethical not to treat depressi
- Page 628 and 629: 628/661teachers had said were the m
- Page 630 and 631: 630/6618. Some of the evidence for
- Page 632 and 633: 632/661there is something reminisce
- Page 636 and 637: Nonrepressors," Journal of Abnormal
- Page 638 and 639: 638/661percent jump over the 1980 r
- Page 640 and 641: 640/6619. The comparison across nat
- Page 642 and 643: 642/661of the Society for Research
- Page 644 and 645: 644/661Adolescents," Journal of Abn
- Page 646 and 647: 646/66148. Two fifths are heavy dri
- Page 648 and 649: 65. The figure for boys and girls r
- Page 650 and 651: 650/66111. Emotional-literacy progr
- Page 652 and 653: 652/6617. While it may seem self-ev
- Page 654 and 655: 654/661heightened social and emotio
- Page 656 and 657: 656/661Toni Burbank, my editor at B
- Page 658 and 659: By the same authorVital Lies, Simpl
- Page 660 and 661: www.bloomsbury.com/danielgoleman660
635/661
1. See, for example, Jerome Kagan et al., "Initial Reactions to
Unfamiliarity," Current Directions in Psychological
Science (Dec. 1992). The fullest description of the biology
of temperament is in Kagan, Galen's Prophecy.
2. Tom and Ralph, archetypically timid and bold types, are
described in Kagan, Galen's Prophecy, pp. 155-57.
3. Lifelong problems of the shy child: Iris Bell, "Increased
Prevalence of Stress-related Symptoms in Middle-aged
Women Who Report Childhood Shyness," Annals of Behavior
Medicine 16 (1994).
4. The heightened heart rate: Iris R. Bell et al., "Failure of
Heart Rate Habituation During Cognitive and Olfactory
Laboratory Stressors in Young Adults With Childhood Shyness,"
Annals of Behavior Medicine 16 (1994).
5. Panic in teenagers: Chris Hayward et al., "Pubertal Stage
and Panic Attack History in Sixth-and Seventh-grade
Girls," American Journal of Psychiatry vol. 149(9) (Sept.
1992), pp. 1239-43; Jerold Rosenbaum et al., "Behavioral
Inhibition in Childhood: A Risk Factor for Anxiety
Disorders," Harvard Review of Psychiatry (May 1993).
6. The research on personality and hemispheric differences
was done by Dr. Richard Davidson at the University of
Wisconsin, and by Dr. Andrew Tomarken, a psychologist at
Vanderbilt University: see Andrew Tomarken and Richard
Davidson, "Frontal Brain Activation in Repressors and
Change language