Emotional inteligence

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Chapter 13. Trauma and Emotional
Relearning
1. I wrote about the lasting trauma of the killings at Cleveland
Elementary School in The New York Times "Education
Life" section (Jan. 7, 1990).
2. The examples of PTSD in crime victims were offered by Dr.
Shelly Niederbach, a psychologist at the Victims' Counseling
Service, Brooklyn.
3. The Vietnam memory is from M. Davis, "Analysis of Aversive
Memories Using the Fear-Potentiated Startle
Paradigm," in N. Butters and L. R Squire, eds., The Neuropsychology
of Memory (New York: Guilford Press, 1992).
4. LeDoux makes the scientific case for these memories being
especially enduring in "Indelibility of Subcortical Emotional
Memories," Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (1989),
vol. 1, 238-43.
5. I interviewed Dr. Charney in The New York Times (June 12,
1990).
6. The experiments with paired laboratory animals were described
to me by Dr. John Krystal, and have been repeated
at several scientific laboratories. The major studies were
done by Dr. Jay Weiss at Duke University.
7. The best account of the brain changes underlying PTSD, and
the role of the amygdala in them, is in Dennis Charney et
al., "Psychobiologic Mechanisms of Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder," Archives of General Psychiatry 50 (April 1993),
294-305.