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9. Of the dozen or so studies of hostility and death from heart
disease, some have failed to find a link. But that failure
may be due to differences in method, such as using a poor
measure of hostility, and to the relative subdety of the effect.
For instance, the greatest number of deaths from the
hostility effect seem to occur in midlife. If a study fails to
track down the causes of death for people during this period,
it misses the effect.
10. Hostility and heart disease: Redford Williams, The Trusting
Heart (New York: Times Books/Random House, 1989).
11. Peter Kaufman: I interviewed Dr. Kaufman in The New
York Times (Sept. 1, 1992).
12. Stanford study of anger and second heart attacks: Carl
Thoreson, presented at the International Congress of Behavioral
Medicine, Uppsala, Sweden (July 1990).
13. Lynda H. Powell, Emotional Arousal as a Predictor of
Long-Term Mortality and Morbidity in Post M.I. Men,"
Circulation, vol. 82, no. 4, Supplement III, Oct. 1990.
14. Murray A. Mittleman, "Triggering of Myocardial Infarction
Onset by Episodes of Anger," Circulation, vol. 89, no. 2
(1994).
15. Suppressing anger raises blood pressure: Robert Levenson,
"Can We Control Our Emotions, and How Does Such Control
Change an Emotional Episode?" in Richard Davidson
and Paul Ekman, eds., Fundamental Questions About
Emotions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).