Emotional inteligence
410/661cannot keep it from reacting in the first place. Thuswhile we cannot decide when we have our emotionaloutbursts, we have more control over how long theylast. A quicker recovery time from such outbursts maywell be one mark of emotional maturity.Over the course of therapy, what seems to change inthe main are the responses that people make once anemotional reaction is triggered—but the tendency forthe reaction to be triggered in the first place does notdisappear entirely. Evidence for this comes from a seriesof studies of psychotherapy conducted by Lester Luborskyand his colleagues at the University ofPennsylvania. 22 They analyzed the main relationshipconflicts that brought dozens of patients into psychotherapy—issuessuch as a deep craving to be accepted orfind intimacy, or a fear of being a failure or being overlydependent. They then carefully analyzed the typical(always self-defeating) responses the patients madewhen these wishes and fears were activated in their relationships—responsessuch as being too demanding,which created a backlash of anger or coldness in the otherperson, or withdrawing in self-defense from an anticipatedslight, leaving the other person miffed by theseeming rebuff. During such ill-fated encounters, thepatients, understandably, felt flooded by upsetting feelings—hopelessnessand sadness, resentment and anger,
411/661tension and fear, guilt and self-blame, and so on.Whatever the specific pattern of the patient, it seemedto show up in most every important relationship, whetherwith a spouse or lover, a child or parent, or peers andbosses at work.Over the course of long-term therapy, however, thesepatients made two kinds of changes: their emotional reactionto the triggering events became less distressing,even calm or bemused, and their overt responses becamemore effective in getting what they truly wantedfrom the relationship. What did not change, however,was their underlying wish or fear, and the initial twingeof feeling. By the time the patients had but a few sessionsleft in therapy, the encounters they told aboutshowed they had only half as many negative emotionalreactions compared to when they first started therapy,and were twice as likely to get the positive response theydeeply desired from the other person. But what did notchange at all was the particular sensitivity at the root ofthese needs.In brain terms, we can speculate, the limbic circuitrywould send alarm signals in response to cues of a fearedevent, but the prefrontal cortex and related zones wouldhave learned a new, more healthy response. In short,emotional lessons—even the most deeply implanted
- Page 360 and 361: patients to go elsewhere for care,
- Page 362 and 363: 12The Family CrucibleIt's a low-key
- Page 364 and 365: 364/661There are hundreds of studie
- Page 366 and 367: 366/661instance, use bargaining and
- Page 368 and 369: physiological indicators of emotion
- Page 370 and 371: 370/661The difference between the t
- Page 372 and 373: 4. Self-control. The ability to mod
- Page 374 and 375: 374/661efforts to get solace will m
- Page 376 and 377: opportunity at all, let alone equal
- Page 378 and 379: learned, and how grim the costs for
- Page 380 and 381: 380/661distress of a child nearby w
- Page 382 and 383: 382/661of the brain's limbic center
- Page 384 and 385: 384/661In ensuing months, the Purdy
- Page 386 and 387: 386/661disorder, or PTSD. At the co
- Page 388 and 389: endured semistarvation, the slaught
- Page 390 and 391: 390/661overwhelming terror. 4 While
- Page 392 and 393: and dying—or for a teacher there,
- Page 394 and 395: 394/661ceruleus—alerting the body
- Page 396 and 397: All these neural changes offer shor
- Page 398 and 399: of calm—the amygdala never relear
- Page 400 and 401: 400/661better outcome: sometimes in
- Page 402 and 403: ex-lover. The man brought them to a
- Page 404 and 405: 404/661friends and family to form a
- Page 406 and 407: 406/661The therapist encourages the
- Page 408 and 409: 408/661Aftereffects or occasional r
- Page 412 and 413: 412/661habits of the heart learned
- Page 414 and 415: 414/661different pattern of brain a
- Page 416 and 417: 416/661monsters. Though he has felt
- Page 418 and 419: 418/661five infants falls into the
- Page 420 and 421: 420/661These sensitive children are
- Page 422 and 423: 422/661to help her up, and as I did
- Page 424 and 425: 424/661or the other type, says Davi
- Page 426 and 427: 426/661parents, and so how they lea
- Page 428 and 429: 428/661When the encounter takes pla
- Page 430 and 431: 430/661spontaneously outgrew their
- Page 432 and 433: 432/661was reopened, the animal was
- Page 434 and 435: The remarkable finding, though, was
- Page 436 and 437: 436/661switch for distress. The inf
- Page 438 and 439: 438/661emotional habits are malleab
- Page 440 and 441: 15The Cost of Emotional IlliteracyI
- Page 442 and 443: example, heroin and cocaine use amo
- Page 444 and 445: 444/661While any of these problems
- Page 446 and 447: both parents work long hours, so th
- Page 448 and 449: 448/661themselves as victims and ca
- Page 450 and 451: 450/661But studies that have follow
- Page 452 and 453: 452/661attracted to their defiant s
- Page 454 and 455: 454/661aggressive kids learn to con
- Page 456 and 457: 456/661Dana, sixteen, had always se
- Page 458 and 459: that predispose children to react t
411/661
tension and fear, guilt and self-blame, and so on.
Whatever the specific pattern of the patient, it seemed
to show up in most every important relationship, whether
with a spouse or lover, a child or parent, or peers and
bosses at work.
Over the course of long-term therapy, however, these
patients made two kinds of changes: their emotional reaction
to the triggering events became less distressing,
even calm or bemused, and their overt responses became
more effective in getting what they truly wanted
from the relationship. What did not change, however,
was their underlying wish or fear, and the initial twinge
of feeling. By the time the patients had but a few sessions
left in therapy, the encounters they told about
showed they had only half as many negative emotional
reactions compared to when they first started therapy,
and were twice as likely to get the positive response they
deeply desired from the other person. But what did not
change at all was the particular sensitivity at the root of
these needs.
In brain terms, we can speculate, the limbic circuitry
would send alarm signals in response to cues of a feared
event, but the prefrontal cortex and related zones would
have learned a new, more healthy response. In short,
emotional lessons—even the most deeply implanted