Autumn 2017 EN
English Issue Biogas Journal | Autumn_2017 Cruise ships photo: AIDA CRUISES Waste product potential for producing biogas is standing by in the hull Cruises have become one of the most popular holiday trips in the world. According to the Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA), 24 million people took a cruise in 2016, two million more than in 2014. On large ships, waste and wastewater disposal is a complex issue. This is reason enough to start thinking about bioenergy utilisation options. By Jessica Hudde, Maik Orth and Thilo Seibicke Experts predict further growth in the trend toward shipboard holidays. In order to provide the necessary passenger capacity, 27 new cruise ships for traveling on the high seas and rivers as well as special cruise ships will be commissioned in 2017. The largest ships now provide space for more than 5,000 passengers. Thus, they are frequently called floating towns. In addition to the actual operation of the ship, the on-board hotel must also be kept running. Enormous amounts of energy are required and enormous amounts of waste and wastewater are produced. The cruise ship line AIDA CRUISES is the market leader in Germany and has set a goal of making its business dealings as environmentally sound as possible. The particular challenges here are the disposal of waste and wastewater. Though there are feasible disposal options on land and high capacity treatment facilities on board, they are slowly reaching their limits due to increasing environmental requirements, and with regard to energy, they are inefficient and cost-intensive to some extent. Therefore, there is great interest in alternative disposal options. The Innovations- und Bildungszentrum Hohen Luckow e.V. (IBZ) is a non-profit research institute working mainly in these areas: ffMaritime technologies ffSustainable raw materials/renewable energy ffSustainable development For years, the IBZ has been working intensively with the development of products and methods as well as process improvement in the area of biogas production. At the end of 2012, together with the cruise ship line AIDA CRUISES, the IBZ devised a study to discover the 26
Biogas Journal | Autumn_2017 English Issue biomass potential on board a cruise ship and to determine the amount of energy associated with it in consideration of possibly producing and using biogas. The material characteristics of the biomass obtained in this way are outstanding for use in the biogas process. The total solid contents of up to 15 percent are in a optimum range for operating mesophilic biogas reactors. Extensive drying processes are not necessary, i.e. energy costs are saved. The cruise ship in the AIDA fleet under consideration is a Sphinx class ship with a capacity of 2,500 passengers. In the context of the study, the existing ship disposal system was analysed, samples of various biogenic materials at various stages of treatment were taken and characterized with respect to material, gas yield tests were carried out, and options for utilising the gas on board were demonstrated. Challenges of on-board disposal Currently, the wastewater generated on board is purified in high performance sewage treatment facilities before the permeate is flushed into the sea, and the wastewater sludge and food leftovers are collected, dewatered, dried and burned. In protected areas, such as the Baltic Sea, the operation of the respective incinerators is now banned. In this case, the dried biosludge must be stored and disposed of on shore. The on-board drying process needed to store the sludge requires a great deal of energy and generates odour emissions. Based on the waste categorization in Regulation (EC) No. 1069/2009, in which waste is classified with regard to its risk to the health of people and animals, kitchen waste in international transport is considered material in category 1, the most problematic form with particularly high requirements for disposal. In general, this waste cannot be used to generate energy on land and must be burned in an approved facility. Alternative methods for treatment are incorporated in Implementing Regulation (EC) No. 142/2011. It also includes a separate biogas process with upstream pressure sterilisation and hydrolysis, which is, however, seen in a negative light from an energy efficiency perspective. Those responsible for disposing of waste with a special waste classification charge high rates. For this reason, shipping companies prefer to dispose of food leftovers in the ocean. According to MARPOL ANNEX V (International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships), this is still allowed. Flushing wastewater into the Baltic Sea will be sharply limited in the future. At the beginning of the year, the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) approved new resolutions for flushing ship wastewater. To reduce the nutrient input into the Baltic Sea, for the first time the new Performance Tests for Sewage Treatment Plants [MEPC.227(64)] include binding limit values for effluent containing phosphorous and/or nitrates. Most of the on-board wastewater treatment facilities are reaching their limits in terms of complying with these values. As an future alternative, passenger ships can also dispose of their wastewater at special reception facilities in harbours. However, due to uncertainty with regard to the actual amounts of wastewater, many harbours have not yet established the respective facilities. For this reason, shipping companies have great interest in alternative treatment options on board and disposal options on land. 27 27
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English Issue<br />
Biogas Journal<br />
| <strong>Autumn</strong>_<strong>2017</strong><br />
Cruise ships<br />
photo: AIDA CRUISES<br />
Waste product potential for<br />
producing biogas is standing<br />
by in the hull<br />
Cruises have become one of the most popular holiday trips in the world. According to the<br />
Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA), 24 million people took a cruise in 2016,<br />
two million more than in 2014. On large ships, waste and wastewater disposal is a complex<br />
issue. This is reason enough to start thinking about bioenergy utilisation options.<br />
By Jessica Hudde, Maik Orth and Thilo Seibicke<br />
Experts predict further growth in the trend toward<br />
shipboard holidays. In order to provide<br />
the necessary passenger capacity, 27 new<br />
cruise ships for traveling on the high seas<br />
and rivers as well as special cruise ships will<br />
be commissioned in <strong>2017</strong>. The largest ships now provide<br />
space for more than 5,000 passengers. Thus, they<br />
are frequently called floating towns.<br />
In addition to the actual operation of the ship, the<br />
on-board hotel must also be kept running. Enormous<br />
amounts of energy are required and enormous amounts<br />
of waste and wastewater are produced. The cruise ship<br />
line AIDA CRUISES is the market leader in Germany<br />
and has set a goal of making its business dealings as<br />
environmentally sound as possible.<br />
The particular challenges here are the disposal of waste<br />
and wastewater. Though there are feasible disposal options<br />
on land and high capacity treatment facilities<br />
on board, they are slowly reaching their limits due to<br />
increasing environmental requirements, and with regard<br />
to energy, they are inefficient and cost-intensive to<br />
some extent. Therefore, there is great interest in alternative<br />
disposal options.<br />
The Innovations- und Bildungszentrum Hohen Luckow<br />
e.V. (IBZ) is a non-profit research institute working<br />
mainly in these areas:<br />
ffMaritime technologies<br />
ffSustainable raw materials/renewable energy<br />
ffSustainable development<br />
For years, the IBZ has been working intensively with<br />
the development of products and methods as well as<br />
process improvement in the area of biogas production.<br />
At the end of 2012, together with the cruise ship line<br />
AIDA CRUISES, the IBZ devised a study to discover the<br />
26
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