11th ICRS Abstract book - Nova Southeastern University
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11th ICRS Abstract book - Nova Southeastern University

11th ICRS Abstract book - Nova Southeastern University 11th ICRS Abstract book - Nova Southeastern University

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7.166 Rapid Coral Reef Decline in The Southwest Coast Of Puerto Rico. Ernesto WEIL* 1 , Emmanuel IRIZARRY 1 , Aldo CROQUER 2 , Isabel URREIZTIETA 1 1 Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Lajas, Puerto Rico, 2 Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, lajas, Puerto Rico Fast degradation of coral reefs due to bleaching and infectious diseases is a recent Caribbean problem. Impact of diseases and bleaching was assessed in 9 reefs in La Parguera Natural Reserve, southwest coast of Puerto Rico between 2003 qnd 2007. Live coral cover and abundances were estimated in six 1m² quadrats randomly distributed along each of four 20m long transects in each of four depth intervals (N=96) in each of 3 inshore and 3 mid-shelf fringing reefs, and at one deep habitat (>15m) in 3 shelf-edge bank reefs in 2003 and 2007. Disease prevalence was estimated using the CARICOMP protocol along 20m² band transects in the first 10m of the same transects. Two bleaching events, three white plague (WP-II), two patchy necrosis and ongoing yellow band (YBD), aspergillosis and crustose-coralline (CCA) white band outbreaks occurred during this period. Outbreaks were differentially distributed across depths and reefs and over time. Strickinly, reefs off La Parguera lost an average 53% (40 – 65%) of live coral cover in four years. Media Luna and Turrumote, two well developed mid-shelf fringing reefs dominated by large, abundant M. faveolata and M. franksi colonies lost 65 and 57% coral cover respectively. Similarly, off-shore Weimberg and Buoy bank reefs dominated by the same species lost 52.5 and 52.3% coral cover. Mid-shelf and shelf-edge reefs (2 and 8 km from shore respectively) lost significantly higher coral cover (56.6 ± 6.2 and 55.7 ± 10.1 % respectively) compared to near-shore reefs (48.8 ± 7.7 %). Coral cover losees in deep habitats were mostly produced by WP-II, and by combined outbreaks of WP-II, bleaching and ongoing YBD at intermediate depths. Agaricia and Millepora mortalities were mostly bleaching-related. Ongoing epizootics together with overfishing, increasing coastal degradation and global warming could seriously impair short- and long-term recovery of these reefs. 7.167 How Does Black Band Disease Affect The Benthic Ecology Of Reefs in Los Cayos Cochinos, Honduras? Jonathan SHRIVES* 1,2 , Martin SPEIGHT 1 1 Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2 Operation Wallacea, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom This study investigates Black Band Disease (BBD) incidence and effects upon the reef benthic communities of the Marine National Monument, Cayos Cochinos (MNMCC). Searches for BBD used 80m x 40m plots at three different sites, representing a spectrum of site quality. The benthic community was analysed using photo-quadrats, and incidence figures were calculated. Colonies displaying BBD were tagged and photographed repeatedly to quantify the progression rate of disease. These same colonies were then rephotographed over the next two years to record colonisation and succession data on the revealed skeletons. Incidence of BBD in MNMCC is low, with an impacted site showing only 0.1% of hosts infected. The healthiest site had an even lower incidence of BBD at 0.03%. The intermediate site had the highest incidence of BBD at 0.38%. BBD was found to follow linear and asymptotic patterns of progression rate. There is a positive correlation (R 2 =0.75) between size of BBD band and amount of skeleton rendered bare for colonisation. Initial conclusions suggest that in MNMCC, infections are not dependent on host abundance or site quality and are not clustered by host distribution. Not all BBD bands progress or behaved in a uniform manner. BBD bands of greater surface area yielded more skeleton for colonisation, though macroalgae were not necessarily the dominant or climax community of post-BBD corals. Poster Mini-Symposium 7: Diseases on Coral Reefs 7.168 Prevalence Of Coral Disease And Partial Mortality Patterns in Coral Colonies Of Montastraea Annularis, Diploria Strigosa And Siderastrea Siderea in The Back Reef Of Puerto Morelos Q. Roo, Mexico. Miguel MALDONADO* 1 , Eric JORDAN 2 1 Sistemas Arrecifales Coralinos, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Puerto Morelos, Mexico, 2 Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Puerto Morelos, Mexico The partial mortality is a dynamic and fundamental process in modular organism. In coral colonies is induced for natural disturbance, anthropogenic influence and, in general, by extreme environmental change. It is also caused by physiological dysfunction as bleaching and infection pathogens. In this study we explore patterns in the prevalence of signs of disease and the degree of partial mortality in coral colonies of three key species in the Mexican Caribbean: Montastraea annularis (species of this complex). Diploria strigosa y Siderastrea siderea. The survey was conducted in the back reef of a coral barrier within a Natural Protected Area. Four sites were arranged for permanent monitoring. 310 colonies of this species were photographed subdividing their corallum in quadrants. The projected area of corallum and coral tissue was determined by digital analyses of images to estimate size and degree of partial mortality. Montastraea sp presented larger colonies and higher degree of partial mortality, as well as, the increased prevalence of disease. While the prevalence of black-band and white-plague diseases was low a new sign, that we named the thin dark line, had relatively high prevalence in all the sites. The distribution patterns in the prevalence of diseases are related to the distribution of partial mortality in all cases. The size frequency distribution of corallum reflects differences associated with the life history of each species. In Montastraea sp. partial mortality and fission events determine differences between the size structure of corallum and the tissue cover fragments. Using these parameters as indicators of the current status of these species can be concluded that Montastraea sp. face a complex process deterioration that could affect characteristics associated with its life history, such as growth and reproduction. 7.169 A Four Year Fine Scale Record Of A Coral Disease Outbreak in The Marshall Islands Dean JACOBSON* 1 1 College of the Marshall Islands, Majuro, Marshall Islands An outbreak of coral disease restricted to tabulate Acroporid species (i.e., A. cytherea, A. paniculata, A. clathrata, etc.) on Majuro atoll, RMI, has been monitored for four years, from Nov 2003 to 2007, for the purpose of forecasting future mortality. Most infections are restricted to the southern shore of Majuro, where large tables are widely abundant, with smaller “patches” in the northern lagoon near the deep pass and on neighboring Arno atoll, where tables are much more localized. Disease incidence appears to correlate with sources of pollution (solid and human waste) on heavily populated Majuro. Disease signs consist of a straight, uniform front or “white band” of killed issue typically having a 2-4 cm/day spreading rate; the disease nearly always kills the entire colony. Brown band ciliates are found on some infected colonies. Colony-to-colony transmission is common. (A bacterial pathogen was isolated in 2004 by a collaborator, Meir Susseman, and has been shown to be sufficient and necessary to kill coral, overnight, in the laboratory; it was then identified by DNA sequencing as Vibrio corallilyticum.) A sensitive sampling strategy for detecting temporal changes in disease incidence (photographic mapping of a large, 20 meters by 110 meters permanent transect, involving 970 colonies, along with a second smaller transect) has revealed pronounced year to year variation (ranging from 3 to 20% coral mortality, by coral surface area). During 2004 the condition of all infected colonies was photographically documented (with size calibration) each week, allowing estimation of spreading rate; this revealed frequent pauses in disease progression. The year-to-year disease variation correlates positively with water temperature; in fact, the two peaks in disease incidence (in 2004 and 2007) both followed episodes of coral bleaching. The relative importance of temperature and water quality will be discussed. 305

7.170 Coralline Algal Disease in The U.s. Affiliated Pacific Islands Bernardo VARGAS-ANGEL* 1 1 Coral Reef Ecosystem Division, NOAA, Honolulu, HI Coralline algae are an important component of tropical coral reef systems, representing as much as 30 to 50% of the live benthic cover. On many reefs, the Corallinaceae play a pivotal role as major builders and consolidators of carbonate material. Additionally, encrusting coralline red algae have been implicated in providing essential chemical cues and substrate for coral larval recruitment. Growing consensus pertaining to the threat of increased disease in coral reef ecosystems has focused on scleractinian disease characterization and prevalence. Little is known about coralline algal diseases, distribution, abundance, and the potential implications of declining crustose coralline algal flora. During rapid ecological assessments on 25-m belt transects, coralline algal disease was surveyed at 326 discrete sites at 40 US affiliated Pacific islands/banks/atolls between 2006 and 2007. Five major disease categories were enumerated and disease densities (# cases per 100 m 2 of reef area) were estimated. For most locations, where present, disease density exhibited considerable spatial variability. No diseases were observed in the remote Johnston and Wake Atolls, or at Howland, Baker, Jarvis, or Swains Islands. Coralline algal diseases were also absent in the main Hawaiian Islands, and were rare in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (< 1 case/100 m 2 ). Conversely, diseases were common in Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (3–10 cases/100 m 2 ). The highest densities of disease were detected in American Samoa (13–28 cases/100 m 2 ) at Tutuila and Ofu-Olosega, respectively, where the coralline lethal orange disease accounted for more than 85% of cases. In contrast, at Kingman and Palmyra Atolls, coralline fungal disease ranked the highest, totaling densities of 2 cases/100 m 2 . Results indicate a need for further studies on coralline algal disease dynamics, monitoring, and assessment of potential risks to reef building communities. 7.171 Black Band Disease Outbreak in Nikko Bay, Palau Alma RIDEP-MORRIS* 1 1 School of Marine & Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia Coral diseases have dramatically increased in recent years and are now recognized as one of the key threats to coral reefs worldwide, having considerable negative impacts on the structure and health of coral reefs. In spite of this awareness, very little is known about the epizootiology and etiology of most coral diseases on Indo-Pacific reefs. To predict the impacts of Black Band Disease (BBD) on the coral reefs of Palau, knowledge of the ecology and dynamics of BBD, particularly the progression and spread of the disease, is critical. The objective of this research is to monitor a BBD outbreak on Pachyseris speciosa in Nikko Bay, Palau. Three permanent quadrats ~10mx10m were set up in January 2007. 64 colonies of P. speciosa were tagged and photographs were taken of each colony at monthly intervals to gain insights into the spread and mode of disease transmission, to examine seasonal patterns in the abundance of BBD, and to determine the impacts of disease on population dynamics. Temperature, sedimentation and salinity will be monitored to identify environmental drivers of disease. Preliminary results show that the mean rate of progression of BBD across corals is 3mm/day in fast moving bands. Seasonal patterns in rates of linear progression indicate that virulence and mean abundance of BBD are clearly correlated with warm sea surface temperatures (SST), being greatest during the warmer months of May-June when SST reached 29.9ºC (29 cases/100m²; 37% prevalence) and least during the cooler months of January when SST was 28ºC (16 cases/100m²; 20% prevalence). My results show that BBD outbreaks are causing significant mortality on local Palauan reefs, are more likely to occur during warmer summer months, and that assessments of reef health in Palau should carefully consider seasonal variability in BBD abundance. Poster Mini-Symposium 7: Diseases on Coral Reefs 7.172 The Black Band Disease Of Indonesian Coral Reefs Agus SABDONO* 1 , Ocky RADJASA 2 1 Marine Science, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia, 2 Center for Tropical Coastal and Marine Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic country with approximately 17,508 islands containing valuable coastal and marine resources such as coral reefs. The majority of Indonesia's 210 million people live near the coast and million of people rely on coral reefs for livelihood. One of the important issues currently related to Indonesian coral reef ecosystems is the disease emergence. One of them is Black Band Disease (BBD). Black band disease (BBD) is a virulent disease primarily affecting scleractinian corals. Eventhough the BBD bacterial mat is dominated by a cyanobacterium, the quantitative composition of the BBD bacterial mat community has not described previously. The bacterial community associated with black band disease (BBD) of the branching corals Acropora sp. in this study was examined using culture-dependent techniques. A complementary molecular techniques of 16S rDNA genes [amplified 16S ribosomal DNA) was used to give a comprehensive characterization of the community. On the basis of the results of sequen analysis, our data show that BBD1 isolate was closely related with Myroides odoratimimus (99.0%), BBD2 isolate was Bacillus algicola (99.6%) and BBD3 isolate was Marine Alcaligenaceae bacterium (96.0%). Of the three bacteria identified, these were not previously found in other studies. This result will allow the dominant BBD bacteria to be targeted for isolation and culturing experiments designed at interpreting the disease etiology. Key words: Black Band Disease, Acropora sp., 16S rDNA 7.173 Coral And Crustose Coralline Algae Disease On The Reefs Of American Samoa Greta AEBY* 1 , Thierry WORK 2 , Douglas FENNER 3 , Eva DIDONATO 4 1 Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kaneohe, HI, 2 USGS, Natl Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu, HI, 3 American Samoa Dept of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago Pago, American Samoa, 4 National Park Service, Sullivan's Island, SC Coral disease is emerging as a problem worldwide. In 2003, a disease outbreak on table acroporids occurred on the reefs of Tutuila, American Samoa and so in June 2004 we initiated disease surveys at seven sites around Tutuila. In February 2005, we re-surveyed the sites on Tutuila and surveyed five stations within Ofu Lagoon. The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine the types, distribution and abundance of disease in reef corals and crustose coralline algae (CCA) on the reefs of Tutuila and Ofu Lagoon; 2) look for seasonal differences in levels of disease; 3) compare levels of disease between the relatively pristine reefs of Ofu Lagoon and the more impacted reefs of Tutuila; 4) systematically describe gross and microscopic morphology of lesions in reef corals and develop a standardized nomenclature for identifying and designating coral disease. Fourteen coral diseases and two diseases of CCA were documented from the reefs of Tutuila. Five coral diseases and one CCA disease were found in Ofu. Acropora white syndrome, Acropora growth anomalies (GA) and coralline lethal orange disease, were the most common diseases on the reefs of Tutuila whereas Porites GA was the most common disease in Ofu. There were no significant differences in overall disease levels between Tutuila and Ofu. No seasonal differences were found in overall prevalence of coral or CCA disease, however, the types and frequency of occurrence of some diseases varied. Histological analyses of coral lesions found that microscopic changes in tissues can be used to distinguish tissue loss due to trauma from changes due to disease. The discoloration indicative of dark spot disease was associated with endolithic hypermycosis. Six distinct types of growth anomalies were seen in Acropora and on histology, proliferation of the basal body wall was found to be the hallmark of the disease. 306

7.166<br />

Rapid Coral Reef Decline in The Southwest Coast Of Puerto Rico.<br />

Ernesto WEIL* 1 , Emmanuel IRIZARRY 1 , Aldo CROQUER 2 , Isabel URREIZTIETA 1<br />

1 Department of Marine Sciences, <strong>University</strong> of Puerto Rico, Lajas, Puerto Rico,<br />

2 Department of Marine Sciences, <strong>University</strong> of Puerto Rico, lajas, Puerto Rico<br />

Fast degradation of coral reefs due to bleaching and infectious diseases is a recent<br />

Caribbean problem. Impact of diseases and bleaching was assessed in 9 reefs in La<br />

Parguera Natural Reserve, southwest coast of Puerto Rico between 2003 qnd 2007. Live<br />

coral cover and abundances were estimated in six 1m² quadrats randomly distributed<br />

along each of four 20m long transects in each of four depth intervals (N=96) in each of 3<br />

inshore and 3 mid-shelf fringing reefs, and at one deep habitat (>15m) in 3 shelf-edge<br />

bank reefs in 2003 and 2007. Disease prevalence was estimated using the CARICOMP<br />

protocol along 20m² band transects in the first 10m of the same transects. Two bleaching<br />

events, three white plague (WP-II), two patchy necrosis and ongoing yellow band (YBD),<br />

aspergillosis and crustose-coralline (CCA) white band outbreaks occurred during this<br />

period. Outbreaks were differentially distributed across depths and reefs and over time.<br />

Strickinly, reefs off La Parguera lost an average 53% (40 – 65%) of live coral cover in<br />

four years. Media Luna and Turrumote, two well developed mid-shelf fringing reefs<br />

dominated by large, abundant M. faveolata and M. franksi colonies lost 65 and 57% coral<br />

cover respectively. Similarly, off-shore Weimberg and Buoy bank reefs dominated by the<br />

same species lost 52.5 and 52.3% coral cover. Mid-shelf and shelf-edge reefs (2 and 8 km<br />

from shore respectively) lost significantly higher coral cover (56.6 ± 6.2 and 55.7 ± 10.1<br />

% respectively) compared to near-shore reefs (48.8 ± 7.7 %). Coral cover losees in deep<br />

habitats were mostly produced by WP-II, and by combined outbreaks of WP-II, bleaching<br />

and ongoing YBD at intermediate depths. Agaricia and Millepora mortalities were mostly<br />

bleaching-related. Ongoing epizootics together with overfishing, increasing coastal<br />

degradation and global warming could seriously impair short- and long-term recovery of<br />

these reefs.<br />

7.167<br />

How Does Black Band Disease Affect The Benthic Ecology Of Reefs in Los Cayos<br />

Cochinos, Honduras?<br />

Jonathan SHRIVES* 1,2 , Martin SPEIGHT 1<br />

1 Zoology, <strong>University</strong> of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2 Operation Wallacea,<br />

Lincolnshire, United Kingdom<br />

This study investigates Black Band Disease (BBD) incidence and effects upon the reef<br />

benthic communities of the Marine National Monument, Cayos Cochinos (MNMCC).<br />

Searches for BBD used 80m x 40m plots at three different sites, representing a spectrum<br />

of site quality. The benthic community was analysed using photo-quadrats, and incidence<br />

figures were calculated. Colonies displaying BBD were tagged and photographed<br />

repeatedly to quantify the progression rate of disease. These same colonies were then rephotographed<br />

over the next two years to record colonisation and succession data on the<br />

revealed skeletons.<br />

Incidence of BBD in MNMCC is low, with an impacted site showing only 0.1% of hosts<br />

infected. The healthiest site had an even lower incidence of BBD at 0.03%. The<br />

intermediate site had the highest incidence of BBD at 0.38%. BBD was found to follow<br />

linear and asymptotic patterns of progression rate. There is a positive correlation<br />

(R 2 =0.75) between size of BBD band and amount of skeleton rendered bare for<br />

colonisation.<br />

Initial conclusions suggest that in MNMCC, infections are not dependent on host<br />

abundance or site quality and are not clustered by host distribution. Not all BBD bands<br />

progress or behaved in a uniform manner. BBD bands of greater surface area yielded<br />

more skeleton for colonisation, though macroalgae were not necessarily the dominant or<br />

climax community of post-BBD corals.<br />

Poster Mini-Symposium 7: Diseases on Coral Reefs<br />

7.168<br />

Prevalence Of Coral Disease And Partial Mortality Patterns in Coral Colonies Of<br />

Montastraea Annularis, Diploria Strigosa And Siderastrea Siderea in The Back Reef Of<br />

Puerto Morelos Q. Roo, Mexico.<br />

Miguel MALDONADO* 1 , Eric JORDAN 2<br />

1 Sistemas Arrecifales Coralinos, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Puerto Morelos,<br />

Mexico, 2 Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de<br />

Mexico, Puerto Morelos, Mexico<br />

The partial mortality is a dynamic and fundamental process in modular organism. In coral<br />

colonies is induced for natural disturbance, anthropogenic influence and, in general, by extreme<br />

environmental change. It is also caused by physiological dysfunction as bleaching and infection<br />

pathogens. In this study we explore patterns in the prevalence of signs of disease and the degree<br />

of partial mortality in coral colonies of three key species in the Mexican Caribbean:<br />

Montastraea annularis (species of this complex). Diploria strigosa y Siderastrea siderea. The<br />

survey was conducted in the back reef of a coral barrier within a Natural Protected Area. Four<br />

sites were arranged for permanent monitoring. 310 colonies of this species were photographed<br />

subdividing their corallum in quadrants. The projected area of corallum and coral tissue was<br />

determined by digital analyses of images to estimate size and degree of partial mortality.<br />

Montastraea sp presented larger colonies and higher degree of partial mortality, as well as, the<br />

increased prevalence of disease. While the prevalence of black-band and white-plague diseases<br />

was low a new sign, that we named the thin dark line, had relatively high prevalence in all the<br />

sites. The distribution patterns in the prevalence of diseases are related to the distribution of<br />

partial mortality in all cases. The size frequency distribution of corallum reflects differences<br />

associated with the life history of each species. In Montastraea sp. partial mortality and fission<br />

events determine differences between the size structure of corallum and the tissue cover<br />

fragments. Using these parameters as indicators of the current status of these species can be<br />

concluded that Montastraea sp. face a complex process deterioration that could affect<br />

characteristics associated with its life history, such as growth and reproduction.<br />

7.169<br />

A Four Year Fine Scale Record Of A Coral Disease Outbreak in The Marshall Islands<br />

Dean JACOBSON* 1<br />

1 College of the Marshall Islands, Majuro, Marshall Islands<br />

An outbreak of coral disease restricted to tabulate Acroporid species (i.e., A. cytherea, A.<br />

paniculata, A. clathrata, etc.) on Majuro atoll, RMI, has been monitored for four years, from<br />

Nov 2003 to 2007, for the purpose of forecasting future mortality. Most infections are<br />

restricted to the southern shore of Majuro, where large tables are widely abundant, with smaller<br />

“patches” in the northern lagoon near the deep pass and on neighboring Arno atoll, where tables<br />

are much more localized. Disease incidence appears to correlate with sources of pollution<br />

(solid and human waste) on heavily populated Majuro. Disease signs consist of a straight,<br />

uniform front or “white band” of killed issue typically having a 2-4 cm/day spreading rate; the<br />

disease nearly always kills the entire colony. Brown band ciliates are found on some infected<br />

colonies. Colony-to-colony transmission is common. (A bacterial pathogen was isolated in<br />

2004 by a collaborator, Meir Susseman, and has been shown to be sufficient and necessary to<br />

kill coral, overnight, in the laboratory; it was then identified by DNA sequencing as Vibrio<br />

corallilyticum.) A sensitive sampling strategy for detecting temporal changes in disease<br />

incidence (photographic mapping of a large, 20 meters by 110 meters permanent transect,<br />

involving 970 colonies, along with a second smaller transect) has revealed pronounced year to<br />

year variation (ranging from 3 to 20% coral mortality, by coral surface area). During 2004 the<br />

condition of all infected colonies was photographically documented (with size calibration) each<br />

week, allowing estimation of spreading rate; this revealed frequent pauses in disease<br />

progression. The year-to-year disease variation correlates positively with water temperature; in<br />

fact, the two peaks in disease incidence (in 2004 and 2007) both followed episodes of coral<br />

bleaching. The relative importance of temperature and water quality will be discussed.<br />

305

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