11th ICRS Abstract book - Nova Southeastern University

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Oral Mini-Symposium 26: Biodiversity and Diversification of Reef Organisms 26-37 Integrative Taxonomy And Phylogeny Of The Siderastreid Scleractinian Corals Francesca BENZONI* 1 , Fabrizio STEFANI 2 , Jaroslaw STOLARSKI 3 , Michel PICHON 4 , Paolo GALLI 2 1 Dept. of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Italy, 2 Dept. of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy, 3 Instytut Paleobiologii PAN, Warszawa, Poland, 4 Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Perpignan, France Integrative taxonomy is currently recognised by many as the solution to the “taxonomic crisis”. However, the use of a multi-disciplinary approach to the study of species boundaries in Scleractinia has been, so far, limited. Molecular techniques have provided new opportunities to explore taxonomic boundaries and the phylogeny of taxa traditionally identified according to incongruence of macro-morphological characters of the skeleton and have shown that the traditional coral classification is frequently not congruent with the molecular results. However, skeleton morphology remains the most commonly used tool for the identification of coral taxonomy, is the only link between extant corals and the fossil record, and thus indispensable for reconstruction of the complete scleractinian phylogenetic tree. The family Siderastreidae includes six genera (Siderastrea Blainville, 1830, Psammocora Dana, 1846, Coscinaraea Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848, Anomastraea Marenzeller, 1901, Pseudosiderastrea Yabe and Sugiyama, 1935, and Horastrea Pichon, 1971) grouped together based on frequent presence of synapticulae and the fusion of septa. We re-assessed the taxonomy and phylogeny of the Siderastreidae through a multidisciplinary approach including the morphologic study of the polyp, morphometric analysis of the corallite structures, skeletal microstructures, and the molecular analysis of both a nuclear and a mitochondrial markers. The morpho-molecular study of the Siderastreidae confirmed the partial results previously obtained by other molecular studies indicating that the genera, and some species, currently ascribed to the family belong to different phylogenetic lineages and that commonly used skeletal macro-characters are not necessarily the most informative ones. In particular, the deepest divergence detected separates Pseudosiderastrea and Siderastrea from the remaining genera, and indicates that the genera Psammocora and Coscinaraea are not monophyletic. The re-evaluation of the polyp and skeleton characters and of previously disregarded macro and microstructures have proved phylogenetically informative when combined with molecular results. 26-39 Mitochondrial And Nuclear Genes Suggest That Stony Corals Are Monophyletic But Most Families Of Stony Corals Are Not Nancy KNOWLTON* 1 , Hironobu FUKAMI 2 , Allen CHEN 3 , Ann BUDD 4 1 National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2 Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University, Shirahama, Japan, 3 Research Centre for Biodiversity, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 4 Department of Geoscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA Modern hard corals (Class Hexacorallia; Order Scleractinia) are widely studied because of their fundamental role in reef building and their superb fossil record extending back to the Triassic. Nevertheless, interpretations of their evolutionary relationships have been in flux for over a decade. Recent analyses undermine the legitimacy of traditional suborders, families and genera, and suggest that a non-skeletal sister clade (Order Corallimorpharia) might be imbedded within the stony corals. However, these studies either sampled a relatively limited array of taxa or assembled trees from heterogeneous data sets. Here we provide a more comprehensive analysis of Scleractinia (127 species, 75 genera, 17 families) and various outgroups, based on two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome oxidase I, cytochrome b), with analyses of nuclear genes (beta-tubulin, ribosomal DNA) of a subset of taxa to test unexpected relationships. Eleven of 16 families were found to be polyphyletic. Strikingly, over one third of all families as conventionally defined contain representatives from the highly divergent “robust” and “complex” clades. However, the recent suggestion that corallimorpharians are true corals that have lost their skeletons was not upheld. Relationships were supported not only by mitochondrial and nuclear genes, but also often by morphological characters which had been ignored or never noted previously. The concordance of molecular characters and more carefully examined morphological characters suggests a future of greater taxonomic stability, as well as the potential to trace the evolutionary history of this ecologically important group using fossils. 26-40 Phylogenetics And Morphological Evolution Of Scleractinian Corals. Marcos BARBEITOS* 1,2 , Sandra ROMANO 3 , Howard LASKER 4 1 Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2 Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, 3 Division of Science and Mathematics, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands (U.S.), 4 Department of Geology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY Scleractinian corals are modular organisms of great ecological and economic importance which grow in either solitary or colonial forms. Over recent years, molecular phylogenetic analyses have repeatedly made it clear that Scleractinian taxonomy does not reflect phylogenetic relationships within the order. Pervasive plasticity of skeletal characters and evolutionary convergence make it very difficulty to infer homology when using traditional diagnostic characters. Unlike the current classification schemes, molecular phylogenies suggest the presence of separate lineages in different biogeographic provinces, and have even challenged the monophyly of the order. Perhaps because they are easier to sample, the majority of recent analyses have concentrated on symbiotic reef corals, but half of the extant Scleractinian species are azooxanthellate and are uncommon on coral reefs. We conducted comprehensive phylogenetic reconstructions of the group using partial sequences from a nuclear and a mitochondrial marker (rRNA genes 28S and 12S, respectively). Bayesian and parsimony analyses recovered a monophyletic Scleractinia clade, rejecting the “naked coral hypothesis”. Additionally, our analyses recovered well supported clades containing both azooxanthellate taxa that are not normally found in coral reefs and zooxanthellate, reef-dwelling, highly integrated colonial species. The large morphological disparity between these two groups contrasts with the small genetic distances. This pattern can be explained by loss of coloniality via heterochronic processes, which allow for substantial morphological change with minimal genetic reprogramming. Such losses may have been adaptive or exaptive in the context of global change. This hypothesis was corroborated by Bayesian reconstruction of ancestral character states. These results suggest that evolution of coloniality in corals may have been much more dynamic than previously suspected. The link between reef and non-reef coral species points towards the need for more extensive taxonomic sampling of the latter in future phylogenetic reconstructions of the order. 26-41 New Trends in Scleractinian Coral Phylogeny Interpretation: Towards A Solution To Old Taxonomic Wrangles ? Michel PICHON* 1 , Francesca BENZONI 2 , Jaroslav STOLARSKI 3 1 Biologie Ecologie tropicale et mediterraneene, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Perpignan, France, 2 Biotecnologie e Biocienze, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy, 3 Instytut Paleobiologii PAN Warsawa, Warszawa, Poland The first scleractinian coral species were described by Linnaeus in his «t», which saw the birth of the binomial zoological nomenclature. The supra-generic basis for scleractinian classification was however very loose, and it is fair to say that it became better organized thanks to the work of eminent palaeontologists, who took advantage of the long fossil record and the fossilization potential of scleractinian corals. Thus, for over a century, scleractinian coral phylogeny interpretation (and hence classification) was essentially morpho-taxonomic, and exclusively based on skeletal structures. During that time,very few attempts have been made by zoologists to utilize the characters of the living organism. In parallel, a growing awareness of intraspecific variability became widespread and the shortcomings of the traditional purely morpho-taxonomic approach more and more obvious. In the last few decades, new tools were developed so as to improve on a situation deemed less than satisfactory. The usefulness of skeletal microstructures (almost totally forgotten for a while) was re-emphasized, and other avenues were also explored to provide more robust information on species boundaries, in addition to that given by the traditional morpho-taxonomic approach: Physiological and ecophysiological characters were introduced to help discriminating between species, and more recently, molecular genetics. At the same time, characters of skeletal structures colony shape, corallite parameters) were revisited with the help of powerful techniques such as morphometrics, with a large array of statistical data processing methods, and fractal analysis of colony surface characters. There is now a large spectrum of techniques available to the scleractinian coral taxonomist, and if none of the approaches mentioned above can, in isolation, give a satisfactory answer, their simultaneous implementation is, in most instances able to solve taxonomic wrangles inherited from the past situation. Practical examples of the results obtained by such a combined approach are given. 251
Oral Mini-Symposium 26: Biodiversity and Diversification of Reef Organisms 26-42 Microsatellite Markers Reveal Extremely Low in-Situ Hybridization Between Sympatric Ecomorphs Of The Coral favia Fragum David CARLON* 1 , Catherine LIPPE 2 1 Zoology, University of Hawaii, Honlulu, HI, 2 Zoology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI The origin of biological species rests on the tension between the diversifying effects of reproductive isolation and the homogenizing effects of gene flow. Previous molecular work has shown evidence for significant genetic structure between two sympatric ecomorphs of the coral Favia fragum in Panama, but it is unclear if structure results from pre-zygotic or post-zygotic isolation. To address this question, we estimated three components of the mating system for individuals of both ecomorphs living sympatrically in a potential hybrid zone. Adults brood larvae, and genetic information on the identity of parents is stored in larvae that were easily sampled from laboratory cultures. We genotyped parents and broods at 15 new microsatellite markers to determine the fraction of fertilization caused by: i. self fertilization (s), ii. outcrossing within ecomorphs (tw), and iii. hyrbidization between ecomorphs (th). We could directly observe outcrossing events (tw + th) with abundant statistical power by the presence of a non-maternal allele. Outcrossing ranged from 0 – 5%, and since s = 1 – (tw + th), the selfing rate ranged between 95 and 100%. We confirmed that selfing, not ameiotic reproduction, explained similarity between adult and larval genotypes by examining segregation ratios within broods of heterozygous parents. All broods fit the expected segregation ratio under selfing. Lastly, we estimated the hybridization rate (th) by using a multilocus assignment model (INSTRUCT) to determine the fraction of outcrossing events that shared genomes from both ecomorphs. All outcrossed larvae could be assigned to the parental ecomorph population with high Q values, so that th= 0 for all broods. We conclude that genetic differences between ecomorphs are maintained by pre-zygotic isolation, and that high selfing rates and limited larval dispersal can play a large role in the generation of population structure, and the initiation of speciation, in corals with brooding life histories. 26-43 Coral Biodiversity Is Not As It Appears: Cryptic Species, And Morphospecies Flocks in porites Zac FORSMAN* 1,2 , Daniel BARSHIS 1 , Cynthia HUNTER 1 1 University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 2 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Pacific Islands Office, Honolulu The nature of coral biodiversity is obscured by confusing patterns of morphological variation. One of the most extreme examples of the coral ‘species problem’ is the genus Porites. In this study, we examined genetic relationships in Porites using two mitochondrial markers and the nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. The ITS region was congruent with the mitochondrial markers while providing higher levels of polymorphism. The nuclear and mitochondrial data sets revealed that colony-level morphology does not always correspond to genetic differences. The three most derived clades contained both branching and mounding morphospecies that were indistinguishable by genetic markers. P.astreoides, P.rus, and P.lichen contain significant ITS sub-clades, while “P.lutea” was found to consist of three cryptic and polyphyletic groups. Corallite-level morphology was generally concordant with the genetic clades. Synarea does not warrant designation as a subgenus; it was most closely related to P.evermanni, indicating that corallite-level appearance can evolve rapidly. The derived clades warrant further investigation for hybridization, insipient speciation, polymorphism, or phenotypic plasticity. This study demonstrates that appearances can be deceiving in this ecologically important group of reef-building coral. 26-44 One for the Lumpers? Morphological Variants of Caribbean Porites (Scleractinia: Poritidae) Demonstrate Low Genetic Variation Sandra ROMANO* 1 , Matthew LUCAS 2 , Tryphena CUFFY 1 , Semoya PHILLIPS 1 1 Division of Science and Mathematics, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands (U.S.), 2 Dept. of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO Resolution of species boundaries in scleractinian corals is problematic, even using a combination of characters. Yet the ability to recognize species and understand relationships among closely related species is essential for coral reef ecology and conservation. The genus Porites is one of only eight cosmopolitan scleractinian genera and is an important component of coral reefs worldwide. In the Caribbean six different species occur sympatrically but studies based on morphological and molecular characters have not clearly resolved relationships within the genus and the taxonomic status of some species is unclear. We are analyzing ten samples of each of the six morphological variants of Porites that occur sympatrically in the USVI. Phylogenetic analyses of approximately 1100 bp of DNA sequences from three mitochondrial gene regions (the putative control region and two mitochondrial introns) and one nuclear gene region (the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers) do not support hypotheses suggested by other research. Massive and branching species form two distinct clades approximately 3% different from each other. There are few sequence differences between the two color morphs of the massive species P. astreoides: they form a monophyletic clade. There are also few sequence differences between the three branching species P. divaricata, P. furcata, and P. porites. P. branneri (encrusting with a distinct bluish color) is genetically distinct from P. astreoides. The relationship of P. branneri to the other species remains unresolved. Continuing analyses are being used to more clearly resolve relationships among these taxa and determine whether lack of genetic variability is due to invariant markers or to recent divergence of closely related species. 26-45 Evidence Of Incomplete Lineage Sorting in Caribbean porites (Scleractinia, Poritidae) Based On Novel Single-Copy Nuclear Molecular Markers Joel STAKE* 1 , Joe NEIGEL 2 1 Division of Science and Math, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands (U.S.), 2 Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA Molecular data have demonstrated the need for taxonomic reevaluation at all levels in the order Scleractinia. However, molecular markers capable of reliably revealing species-level relationships still remain elusive. Understanding the relationships between closely related species is imperative for coral reef conservation and management. The scleractinian coral genus Porites has a cosmopolitan distribution and is an important reef-builder worldwide. Species identification in the genus has been problematic making it an ideal system for molecular phylogenetic study. We developed novel single-copy nuclear DNA markers (scnDNA) from a partial genomic library of Porites compressa. These markers were analyzed in concatenation for P. compressa and all 6 species of Porites with distributions in the western Atlantic and Caribbean. Maximum Likelihood analysis and Bayesian Analysis were performed on ~1400 bp total. The phylogenetic analyses were able to differentiate most of the recognized species of Porites. Porites astreoides was shown to be more closely related to P. compressa than to congeners from the Caribbean while P. colonensis and P. branneri formed separate monophyletic clades. The three ramose species (P. porites, P. furcata, P. divaricata) did not form individual monophyletic clades but were instead found clustered tightly together. The lack of any significant sequence divergence between these species indicates that, at present, they may not represent distinct evolutionary lineages. Incomplete lineage sorting is the most plausible explanation for the pattern observed in our data and is supported by the relatively young fossil record of these three taxa. Our results do not support previous data that have found these branching morphologies to be separate species. Additionally, our data demonstrate that anonymous sequence markers should be a valuable tool for phylogenetic studies of scleractinian corals. 252
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Contents Sponsors..................
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Sponsors 11th ICRS Co-Sponsors Barr
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Mini-Symposium Co-Chairs Mini-Sympo
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Mini-Symposium 23: Reef Management
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Plenary Lessons from the Past Malco
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Plenary Drivers of Coral Infectious
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1-1 The R/v Alpha Helix Symbios Exp
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1-9 Coral Community Change Over A C
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1-17 Holocene Reef Development At T
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1-25 Paleoecology Of Mio-Pliocene F
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Oral Mini-Symposium 2: Biotic Respo
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Oral Mini-Symposium 2: Biotic Respo
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Oral Mini-Symposium 3: Calcificatio
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Oral Mini-Symposium 3: Calcificatio
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3-17 The Effect Of Depressed Aragon
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Oral Mini-Symposium 4: Coral Reef O
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Oral Mini-Symposium 5: Functional B
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Oral Mini-Symposium 6: Ecological a
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7-5 Coral Yellow Band Disease; Curr
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7-13 Black Band Disease (BBD): A Po
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7-21 Coral Host Processes Associate
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7-29 Can the Presence of Disease Si
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7-37 Developing An Expert System Fo
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7-45 The Effect Of Sediment And Hea
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8-1 From Bacterial Bleaching To The
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8-9 Milkfish Feces Share Common Bac
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8-17 Bacteria Associated With Symbi
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8-26 Photosynthetic Microorganisms
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8-35 Tissue Loss And Tropical Storm
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9-5 Evaluation Of Biotic And Abioti
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9-13 Is Allelopathy Involved in Cor
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Oral Mini-Symposium 10: Ecological
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10-41 Substrate Effects On Reef Fis
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Oral Mini-Symposium 11: From Molecu
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12-5 The Contribution Of Heterotrop
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12-14 Ocean Dynamics Drive Coral Re
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12-23 Coral Reef Resilience To Chro
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13-1 Prioritizing Conservation Hots
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Oral Mini-Symposium 13: Evolution a
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14-6 Modelling Coral Larval Dispers
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14-14 Environmentally-Mediated Vari
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14-21 Same, Same, But Different: Co
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14-29 Complex Patterns of Genetic C
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14-37 Genetic Connectivity in Phili
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14-45 Range-Wide Population Genetic
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14-55 The Importance Of Behavior On
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Oral Mini-Symposium 15: Progress in
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Oral Mini-Symposium 15: Progress in
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Oral Mini-Symposium 16: Ecosystem A
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Oral Mini-Symposium 17: Emerging Te
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18-5 Coral Reef Habitat Around New
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18-13 Response Of High Latitude Her
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18-21 Socio-Economic Monitoring (So
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18-29 Extent And Timing Of Disturba
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18-37 It Depends On Where You Look:
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18-45 New Insights Into The Exposur
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Oral Mini-Symposium 19: Biogeochemi
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Oral Mini-Symposium 20: Modeling Co
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Oral Mini-Symposium 20: Modeling Co
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21-9 Integrated Economic Valuation
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21-19 Towards Local Fishers Partici
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21-27 The Political Aspects Of Resi
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21-37 Exploitation And Trade Of Cor
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22-1 Complex Ecological Effects Of
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22-9 Comparative Evaluation Of Reef
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22-17 Managing Fishing Gear To Enco
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22-25 Estimating Harvest Pressure O
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22-33 Are The Coral Reef Finfish Fi
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22-41 Using Length-Frequency Data T
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22-50 Changes in Ecosystem Structur
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23-5 Measuring Success in Managing
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23-13 Some Hints About The Impacts
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Page 222 and 223: 23-37 Challenges Facing An Mpa Mana
Page 224 and 225: 23-45 Assessing Global Coral Reef M
Page 226 and 227: 23-53 Developing A Model For Ecosys
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Page 232 and 233: 24-1 Fates Of Restored Acropora Pal
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Page 276: Poster Session
Page 279 and 280: 1.13 Depth-Related Patterns of Infa
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Poster Mini-Symposium 6: Ecological
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7.162 Disease Ecology And Local Pat
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7.170 Coralline Algal Disease in Th
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7.179 Physiological Effects Of Aspe
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7.187 Characterizing Surface Microo
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7.195 How Quickly Does gorgonia Ven
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7.203 Spatial and temporal variabil
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8.210 Quorum Sensing Inhibitory Act
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8.218 Bacterial Communities Associa
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8.226 Bacterial Growth On Coral Muc
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8.234 Functional Diversity of Micro
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8.242 Microbial Community Profile O
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9.248 Chemistry And Ecology Of A Co
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Poster Mini-Symposium 10: Ecologica
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Poster Mini-Symposium 11: From Mole
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12.413 Spatial Patterns Of Stony Co
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Poster Mini-Symposium 13: Evolution
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Poster Mini-Symposium 13: Evolution
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14.432 Gene flow of Symbiodinium on
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14.441 Population Genetics Of Spott
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14.449 Mitochondrial Phylogeography
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14.457 Undirect Evidences On The Co
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14.466 South East African, High-Lat
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14.474 Population Genetic Structure
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14.483 Influences Of Wind-Wave Expo
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14.491 Distributions And Diversity
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14.499 Do Mangroves And Seagrass Be
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14.507 Genetic variation of the hyd
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Poster Mini-Symposium 15: Progress
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Poster Mini-Symposium 15: Progress
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Poster Mini-Symposium 16: Ecosystem
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Poster Mini-Symposium 17: Emerging
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18.599 A Palaeoecological Perspecti
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18.607 Susceptibility Of Corals To
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18.616 Coral Reefs in Costa Rican C
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18.624 Environmental Endocrine Disr
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18.633 Northern Acehnese Coral Reef
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18.641 The Status Of Coral Reefs in
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18.649 The Effects of Increased Sea
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18.658 “Changing Times, Changing
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18.666 Assessing Land Based Inputs
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18.674 Monitoring Of Coral Recovery
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18.682 Seasonal Investigation On St
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18.690 Assessment Of The Coral Reef
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18.698 Distribution Of Seagrasses i
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18.706 Coral Reef Monitoring in the
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18.714 Pacific-Wide Status Of The R
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18.722 Quantitative Underwater Ecol
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18.730 Community Structure Of Reef
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18.738 Morphological Variation In T
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18.746 Decade-Long (1998-2007) Tren
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18.755 Coral Community Composition
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18.763 Changes in Coral Reef Ecosys
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18.771 Bathymetric Distribution Of
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Poster Mini-Symposium 19: Biogeoche
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Poster Mini-Symposium 20: Modeling
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21.807 The Recreational Value Of Co
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21.815 Dilemma in Coral Conservatio
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22.821 Estimating Populations Of Tw
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22.829 Commercial Topshell, trochus
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22.837 Trajectories Of Ecosystem Ch
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22.845 Ornamental Fish Trade in The
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22.854 Short-Term Recovery Of Explo
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22.863 Marine Protected Areas: Boon
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22.871 Rotary Time-Lapse Photograph
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22.879 Assessing And Mapping The Di
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22.887 Spatial Variations in Elemen
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23.1004 Coral Reef Conservation Cam
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23.1014 Second And Third Order Mana
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23.1023 Why do Divers Dive Where Th
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23.1031 The Colonial Tunicate tridi
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23.1039 Effectiveness Of A Small Mp
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23.893 Man Made Stress Reliever? An
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23.901 Reef Monitoring Project For
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23.909 Patterns Of Spatial Variabil
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23.917 Culture And Updated Traditio
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23.925 Scientific Monitoring And Cu
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23.934 Characterizing Local Stakeho
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23.942 Challenges in Coral Reef Man
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23.951 Coral Reef-Based Tourism And
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23.959 Marine Protected Area Report
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23.967 Reef Watch Monitoring And Ho
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23.975 A Comparison Of The Permanen
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23.984 Damselfish Embryo Assay: Fie
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23.992 The Decline Of Coral Reef Co
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24.1043 Characteristics Of Seagrass
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24.1051 Mass Culture Of acropora Co
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24.1059 Identifying Sediment-Tolera
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24.1067 Growth Of Newly Settled Ree
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24.1076 Herbivore Effects On Coral
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24.1084 Coral Reefs Conservation Pr
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24.1092 Lessons Learned On Demonstr
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24.1100 Proceedings in Shipgroundin
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24.1108 Restoring An Artificial "En
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24.1116 A Newly Established Coral R
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24.1124 Is The Scale Of Your Coral
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Memo ..............................
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Authors INDEX Author Session Page A
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11th ICRS Abstract book - Nova Southeastern University

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