Product List Fluorous Phase Organic Synthesis - Sigma-Aldrich

Vol.1, No.7 

Ionic Liquids 

Fluorous Phase 

Organic Synthesis 

(FPOS) 

Phase Transfer 

Catalysts (PTC)

Green Chemistry, also known as sustainable chemistry, is an umbrella concept that describes the search for 

reducing or even eliminating the use of substances in chemical products and reactions which are hazardous to 

human health and environment. The goal of Green Chemistry is to create a cleaner and more sustainable 

chemistry, a topic that has received more and more attention in recent years. 

Green chemistry searches for alternative, environmentally friendly reaction media (as compared to the traditional 

organic solvents) and at the same time aims at increased reaction rates, lower reaction temperatures as well higher 

selectivities (so an overall cost reduction). To the most promising reaction media in this field belong ionic liquids, 

supercritical CO 2 and the use of aqueous media in biphasic systems. In the latter case, the use of phase transfer 

catalysts or water soluble reactants allows chemists to carry out more and more reactions in aqueous systems. 

Perfluorinated fluorous solvents/reagents are also found under the Green Chemistry umbrella. Many 

perfluorinated solvents are neither toxic nor recognized as ozone-depleters, and successfully substitute critical 

polyhalogenated compounds in many industrial processes. Additionally, highly fluorinated compounds can be 

used in reactions under supercritical CO 2 . 

Within our Sigma-Aldrich Company, Fluka and Aldrich are proud to offer you a comprehensive 

collection of products, which can contribute to the search for a greener chemistry, comprising 

of: 

❁ ionic liquids 

Green Chemistry 

❁ catalysts, ligands, solvents and perfluoro-tags to be used in Fluorous Phase Organic Synthesis (FPOS) 

❁ ammonium- and phosphonium-based reagents, crown ethers and PEG-based reagents, as well as polymer- 

supported reagents to be used in Phase Transfer Catalysis (PTC) 

Each of these topics will be shortly presented, followed by a list of our products. 

New offerings are shown and added monthly! When you cannot find the product you 

are looking for, or for additional technical information, please contact your local 

Sigma-Aldrich Office (see back cover) or visit our web-site at 

www.sigma-aldrich.com/fluka 

The electronic version of the whole series of ChemFiles can be 

found under www.sigma-aldrich/chemfiles 

Please take a look! 

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What are ionic liquids? 

❁ Ionic liquids are organic salts with melting points under 100 o C, often even below room temperature. 

Recently they are employed more and more as substitute for the traditional organic solvents in chemical 

reactions. The most common ones are imidazolium and pyridinium derivatives, but phosphonium or 

tetralkylammonium compounds can also be used for this purpose. 

What are their properties? 

❁ Very good dissolution properties for most organic and inorganic compounds 

❁ High thermal stability 

❁ No measurable vapor pressure 

❁ Non-flammable 

What are their applications? 

❁ As solvents for synthetic and catalytic purposes, for example Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions, 

Friedel-Craft acylation and alkylation, hydrogenation and oxidation reactions and Heck reactions. 

❁ As biphasic systems in combination with an organic solvent or water in extraction and separation 

technologies. 

❁ For catalyst immobilization without need of special functionalization for the easy recycling of 

homogeneous catalysts 

❁ As electrolytes in electrochemistry 

What are their advantages? 

❁ Optimization of compound characteristics through a broad choice of anion and cation combination 

(tailor-made solvents) 

❁ Reaction rate enhancement, higher selectivities as well as higher yields 

❁ Used as replacement for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in chemical processes or extractions 

procedures. 

Ionic Liquids 

References: [1] P. Wasserscheid, W. Keim Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 3926-3945, Int. Ed 2000, 39, 3772-3789 [2] T. Welton Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2071-2083. 

[3] R. Sheldon Chem. Commun. 2001, 2399-2407. 

Fluka is proud to present a broad selection of ionic liquids. 

Our range in this rapidly evolving field is continuously expanding. 

For an overview visit our web site at www.sigma-aldrich.com/fluka

Imidazolium derivatives 

Product List Ionic Liquids 

R: Methyl X: CH OSO 

– 

3 3 

R: Ethyl X: BR – ,NO 

– – – 

,BF4 PF6 ,CF3SO – 

3 

3 

R: Butyl X: BR – ,Cl – ,BF 

– – 

,PF6 ,CH3OSO 4 

3 

R: Hexyl X: Cl – ,BF 

– 

,PF6 

4 

R: Octyl X: Cl – ,BF 

– 

4 

R = Methyl 

X = MeSO4 93607 1,3-Dimethylimidazolium methyl sulfate 5 g; 50 g 

purum, ≥97.0% (NMR) C H N O S 6 12 2 4 [97345-90-9] M 208.24 r d20 4 :1.33 

R = Ethyl 

X = Br 89483 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide 5 g; 50 g 

purum, ≥97.0% (AT) C H BrN 6 11 2 [65039-08-9] M 191.07 r m.p: 52-57°C 

X = Cl 2728411-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 5 g; 50 g 

98% C H ClN 6 11 2 [65039-09-0] M 146.62 r m.p: 77-79 °C 

X = PF 6 46093 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1 g; 5 g; 50 

purum, ≥97.0% (CE) C 6 H 11 F 6 N 2 P [155371-19-0] M r 256.13 m.p: 58-62°C 

X = NO 3 04363 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate 1 g; 5 g 

purum, ≥99.0% (NT) C 6 H 11 N 3 O 3 [143314-14-1] M r 173.17 m.p: 38-41 °C 

X = BF 4 04365 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate 1 ml; 5 ml; 50 ml 

purum, ≥97.0% (T) C 6 H 11 BF 4 N 2 [143314-16-3] M r 197.98 d 20 

4 :1.28 

X = CF SO 3 3 04367 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate 1 ml; 5 ml 

purum, ≥98.0% (T) C H F N O S 7 11 3 2 3 [145022-44-2] M 260.24 r d20 4 :1.39 

R = Butyl 

X = Br 95137 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide 5 g; 50 g 

purum, >97.0% (T) C H BrN 8 15 2 [85100-77-2] M 219.12 r m.p: ca 70°C 

X = Cl 94128 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 5 g; 50 g 

purum, ~97% (NMR) C H ClN 8 15 2 [79917-90-1] M 174.67 r m.p: ca.55°C 

X = MeSO4 83086 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate 5 g; 50 g 

purum, ≥97.0% (NMR) C H N O S 9 18 2 4 - M250.32 r d20 : 1.21 

4 

X = PF6 70956 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 5 g; 50 g 

purum, ≥97.0% (NMR) C H F N P 8 15 6 2 [174501-64-5] M 284.18 r d20 4 :1.37 

X = BF4 91508 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate 5 g; 50 g 

purum, ≥97.0% (NMR) C H BF N 8 15 4 2 [174501-65-6] M 226.03 r d20 4 :1.22 



R = Hexyl 

Pyridinium derivatives 

Product List Ionic Liquids 

R: Butyl X: Cl – , BF 

– – 

,PF6 

4 

Fluka is proud to present a broad selection of ionic liquids. 

Our range in this rapidly evolving field is continuously expanding. 

For an overview visit our web site at www.sigma-aldrich.com/fluka 

continued 

X = Cl 87929 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 5 g; 50 g 

purum, ≥97.0% (AT) C H ClN 10 19 2 [171058-17-6] M 202.73 r d20 4 :1.04 

X = PF6 89320 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 5 g; 50 g 

purum, ≥97.0% (NMR) C H F N P 10 19 6 2 [304680-35-1] M 312.24 r d20 : 1.30 

4 

X = BF4 73244 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate 5 g; 50 g 

purum, ≥97.0% (NMR) C H BF N 10 19 4 2 [244193-50-8] M 254.08 r d20 : 1.15 

4 

R = Octyl 

X = Cl 95803 1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride 5 g; 50 g 

purum, ≥97.0% (NMR) C 12 H 23 ClN 2 [64697-40-1] M r 230.78 d 20 

4 :1.05 

X = BF 4 96324 1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate 5 g; 50 g 

purum, ≥97.0% (NMR) C 12 H 23 BF 4 N 2 [244193-52-0] M r 282.13 d 20 

4 :1.12 

X = Cl 88482 1-Butyl-4-methylpyridinium chloride 5 g; 50 g 

purum, ≥97.0% (NMR) C 10 H 16 ClN [112400-86-9] M r 185.7 m.p: 158-160 °C 

X = PF 6 88458 1-Butyl-4-methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate 5 g; 50 g 

purum, ≥97.0% (NMR) C 10 H 16 F 6 NP - M r 295.21 m.p: ca. 45°C 

X = BF4 732611-Butyl-4-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate 5 g; 50 g 

purum, ≥97.0% (NMR) C H BF N 10 16 4 [343952-33-0] M 237.05 r D20 : 1.2 4

Fluorous Phase 

Organic Synthesis (FPOS) 

“Fluorous Phase Organic Synthesis” (FPOS) is a novel separation and purification technique that is attracting great current interest in 

organic synthesis and process development, e.g. in the immobilization of expensive metal catalysts. [1] The unique physical properties 

of perfluorinated organic compounds, i.e. their immiscibility that makes them immiscible with water and with many common organic 

solvents, their ability to form a homogenous solution at elevated temperatures with several of these solvents, their inertness, their 

solubility in supercritical CO 2 and their ability to dissolve gases contributes to the increasing popularity of the “Fluorous Phase” in 

organic syntheses. [2-7] 

Catalysis performed in a two-phase reaction mixture consisting of a perfluorinated solvent and an organic solvent, also called 

“Fluorous Biphase System” (FBS) was first reported by Horváth and Rábai. [1] By introducing perfluorinated ligands a catalyst is 

solubilized and simultaneously immobilized in the “Fluorous Phase”. By elevating the temperature the biphasic system forms a 

homogenous solution and the catalytic process can take place. Cooling down the reaction mixture leads to the reformation of two 

separate phases. Afterwards, easy product isolation and the recovery of the perfluoro-tagged metal catalyst can be achieved by simple 

phase separation (Fig. 1). [8,9] The isolation and recovery of perfluorinated components can be accomplished not only by a phase 

separation of immiscible liquid layers but also by solid-liquid extraction using a perfluorinated non-polar stationary phase like 

“Fluorous Reversed Phase” (FRP) Silica Gel (Fig. 2). [10] 

Non-polar perfluorocarbon species show increased solubility in supercritical CO and have been used in the design of CO -philic 

2 2 

surfactants, chelating agents and ligands in order to improve the solubility of polymers, metals and catalysts [11, 12] The high solubility 

of gases, especially oxygen, in perfluorocarbon solvents allows for efficient and selective aerobic oxidation reactions under mild 

[13, 14] 

conditions. 

The “Fluorous Phase” is also discussed as a promising substitute for the solid phase in combinatorial chemistry. It permits the 

immobilization of a wide variety of reagents by introducing perfluorinated tags and it enables an easy, efficient isolation and recovery 

[4, 6, 15] 

of perfluorinated species by liquid-liquid or solid-liquid extractions. 

Figure 1: The Principle of 

“Fluorous Biphase Catalysis” 

Figure 2: The Principle of Solid-Liquid-Extraction 

using FRP-Silica 

References: [1] I. T. Horváth; J. Rábai, Science 1994, 266, 72. [2] D. W. Zhu, Synthesis 1993, 953. [3] J. A. Gladysz, Science 1994, 266, 55. [ 4] A. Studer et al., 

Science 1997, 275, 823. [5] B. Cornils, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2147; Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2057. [6] D. P. Curran, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 1230; Int. Ed. Engl. 

1998, 37, 1174. [7] B. Betzemeier, P. Knochel, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 206, 61. [8] S. Schneider and W. Bannwarth, Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 4293; Int. Ed. Engl. 

2000, 39, 4142. [9] S. Schneider and W. Bannwarth, Helv. Chim. Acta 2001, 84, 735. [10] S. Kainz et al., Synthesis 1998, 1425. [11] C.M. Rayner et al., J. Chem. 

Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 2001, 917. [12] W. Bannwarth et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 2965. [13] P. Knochel et al., Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 1606; Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 

36, 1454. [14] P. Knochel et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 4343. [15] A. Studer and D. P. Curran, Tetrahedron 1997, 53, 6681. 



Product List Fluorous Phase 

Organic Synthesis 

FLUKA NOW PRESENTS A CONCISE LIST OF TOOLS FOR “FLUOROUS ORGANIC 

SYNTHESIS” SELECTED PERFLUORINATED REAGENTS AND THE MOST WIDELY USED 

PERFLUORINATED SOLVENTS 

Catalysts and Ligands 

93521 Bis[tris(3-(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)phenyl)phosphine]palladium(II) dichloride 

NEW ≥90% (AAS) C 96 H 48 Cl 2 F 102 P 2 Pd M r 3378.55 100 mg; 500 mg 

95447 Bis[tris(4-(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)phenyl)phosphine]palladium(II) dichloride 

NEW ≥80% (AAS) C 96 H 48 C l2 F 102 P 2 Pd M r 3378.55 100 mg; 500 mg 

83934 Tris[3-(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)phenyl]phosphine 

NEW ≥ 95% (GC) C 48 H 24 F 51 P M r 1600.6 1 g; 5 g 

84928 Tris[4-(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)phenyl]phosphine 

NEW ≥97.0% (GC) C 48 H 24 F 51 P M r 1600.6 [325459-92-5] 1 g; 5 g 

93521 

03393 

95447 

New offerings are added monthly, so don’t hesitate to contact your local Sigma-Aldrich Office 

(see back cover) when you cannot find the product you are looking for! For additional technical 

information, please contact our local Technical Services Department (see back cover) or visit our 

web-site at www.sigma-aldrich.com/fluka


Organic Synthesis continued 

Functionalized Perfluoroalkyls (“Fluoro-Tags’’) 

03393 Triacontafluoro-8,10-heptadecanedione 

≥99.0% (NMR) C 17 H 2 F 30 O 2 M r 808.15 [36554-97-9] 100 mg; 500 mg 

77309 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorooctyl iodide 

purum, ≥97.0% (GC) C 8 H 4 F 13 I M r 474 [2043-57-4] 5 ml; 25 ml 

87912 1-Bromo-3-(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecy)benzene 

NEW puriss., ≥99.0% (GC) C 16 H 8 BrF 17 M r 603.11 - 1 g; 5 g 

93037 1-Bromo-4-(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecy)benzene 

NEW purum, ≥97.0% (GC) C 16 H 8 BrF 17 M r 603.11 [195324-88-0] 1 g; 5 g 

77274 Tridecafluoro-1-iodohexane 1-Iodoperfluorohexane 

purum, ~98% (GC) C 6 F 13 I M r 445.95 [355-43-1] 10 ml; 50 ml 

44,688-2 Perfluorohexyl bromide 1-Bromotridecafluorohexane 

98% C 6 F 13 Br M r 398.96 [335-56-8] 1g; 10 g 

44,686-2 Perfluoroheptyl bromide 1-Bromopentadecafluoroheptane 

98% C 7 F 15 Br M r 448.96 [365-88-2] 5 ml; 25 ml 

34,386-2 Perfluorooctylbromide 1-Bromoheptadecafluorooctane 

99.0% C 10 F 21 I M r 498.97 [423-55-2] 1 g; 5 g 

25,784-2 Perfluorodecyliodide 

97.0% C 10 F 21 I M r 645.98 [423-62-1] 1 g; 5 g 

77289 Heptadecafluoro-1-iodooctane 1-Iodoperfluorooctane 

purum, ≥98.0% (GC) C 8 F 17 I M r 545.96 [507-63-1] 5 ml; 10 ml; 50 ml 

77269 Pentacosafluoro-1-iodododecane 1-Iodoperfluorododecane 

purum, ≥97.0% (GC) C 12 F 25 I M r 746 [307-60-8] 1 g; 5 g 

42,150-2 Zonyl ® PFBE fluorotelomer intermediate 1H,1H,2H-Perfluoro-1-hexene 

97.0% C 6 H 3 F 9 M r 246.08 [19430-93-4] 5 g; 25 g 

DuPont product 

77307 1H,1H,2H-Perfluoro-1-octene 

purum, ≥98.0% (GC) C 8 H 3 F 13 M r 346.09 [25291-17-2] 5 ml; 25 ml 

09666 1H,1H,2H-Perfluoro-1-decene 

purum, ~97% (GC) C 10 H 3 F 17 M r 446.11 [21652-58-4] 25 ml 





Functionalized Perfluoroalkyls (“Fluoro-Tags’’) continued 

77278 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluoro-1-octanol 

purum, ≥97.0% (GC) C 8 H 5 F 13 O M r 364.11 [647-42-7] 5 ml; 25 ml 

77263 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluoro-1-decanol 

pract., ~95% (GC) C 10 H 5 F 17 O M r 464.12 [678-39-7] 1 g; 5 g; 25 g 

77285 Nonafluorovaleric acid Perfluoropentanoic acid 

pract., ~97% (GC) C 5 HF 9 O 2 M r 264.05 [2706-90-3] 5 ml; 25 ml 

29226 Perfluorocaproic acid Perfluorohexanoic acid 

purum, ≥97.0% (T) C 6 HF 11 O 2 M r 314.06 - 5 ml; 25 ml 

77260 Pentadecafluorooctanoic acid Perfluorooctanoic acid 

pract., ~95% (T) C 8 HF 15 O 2 M r 414.07 [335-67-1] 10 g; 50 g 

77284 Heptadecafluorononanoic acid Perfluorononanoic acid 

purum, ≥97.0% (GC) C 9 HF 17 O 2 M r 464.08 [375-95-1] 5 g; 25 g 

77266 Nonadecafluorodecanoic acid Perfluorodecanoic acid 

purum, ≥97.0% (T) C 10 HF 19 O 2 M r 514.08 [335-76-2] 10 g 

44,677-7 Perfluoroundecanoic acid 

95.0% C 11 HF 21 O 2 M r 564.10 [2058-94-8] 5 g; 25 g 

77267 Perfluorododecanoic acid 

purum, ≥98.0% (GC) C 12 HF 23 O 2 M r 614.10 [307-55-1] 1 g; 10 g 

44,678-5 Perfluorotetradecanoic acid 

97.0% C 14 HF 27 O 2 M r 714.12 [376-06-7] 5 g; 25 g 

40925 Dimethyl(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluorohexyl)chlorosilane DMNFHSCl 

purum, ≥97.0% (GC) C 8 H 10 ClF 9 Si M r 340.69 [119386-82-2] 2 ml 

Solvents 

94884 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-Decafluoropentane Vertrel XF 

techn., ~80% (GC) C 5 H 2 F 10 M r 252.06 [138495-42-8] 100 ml; 500 ml 

77273 PerfluorohexaneFC-72purum, mixture of isomers, assay of perfluoro-n-hexane: 

~85% C 6 F 14 M r 338.04 [355-42-0] 10 ml; 50 ml 

37,924-7 Perfluorohexane contains perfluorocyclohexane and ~5% perfluoropentane, 

95% C 6 F 14 M r 338.04 [355-42-0] 10 ml; 50 ml 

77272 Perfluoroheptane pract., mixture of isomers, assay of perfluoro-n-heptane: 

~80% C 7 F 16 M r 388.05 [335-57-9] 10 ml; 50 ml 

35,923-8 Octadecafluorooctane 

98.0% C 8 F 18 M r 438.06 [307-34-6] 25 g; 100 g 

77286 Octadecafluorooctane Fraction 

purum, ≥97.0% (GC) Perfluorooctane fraction (~70% Perfluoroctane) 10 ml; 50 ml; 250 ml 

40,641-4 Perfluorononane Eicosafluorononane 

98.0% C 9 F 20 M r 488.07 [375-96-2] 5 ml; 25 ml 

New offerings are added monthly, so don’t hesitate to contact your local Sigma-Aldrich Office 

(see back cover) when you cannot find the product you are looking for! For additional technical 

information, please contact our local Technical Services Department (see back cover) or visit our 

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Solvents continued 



13,393-0 Dodecafluorocyclohexane Perfluorocyclohexane 

97% C 6 F 12 M r 300.04 [355-68-0] 5 g 

77280 (Trifluoromethyl)undecafluorocyclohexane Perfluoromethylcyclohexane 

purum, ~97% (GC) C 7 F 14 M r 350.06 [355-02-2] 25 ml; 100 ml; 250 ml 

77268 Hexadecafluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane Perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane 

techn., ~80% (GC) C 8 F 16 M r 400.06 [335-27-3] 50 ml 

53,535-4 Perfluoro-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane Hexadecafluoro-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane 

mixture of isomers, 98% C 8 F 16 M r 400.06 [306-98-9] 5 ml; 25 ml 

78744 Hexadecafluoro-2-butyltetrahydrofuran Perfluoro-2-butyltetrahydrofuran 

purum p.a. C 8 F 16 O M r 416.06 [335-36-4] 1 g; 5 g 

77264 Octadecafluorodecahydronaphthalene pract.(cis+trans), Perfluorodecalin 

~95% (GC) C 10 F 18 M r 462.08 [306-94-5] 10 ml; 50 ml; 250 ml 

37,243-9 Perfluoro(methyldecalin) mixture of isomers, tech. 

80% C 11 F 20 M r 512.09 [51294-16-7] 10 ml; 50 ml; 250 ml 

52506 Hexafluorobenzene for NMR-spectroscopy 

≥99.5% (GC) C 6 F 6 M r 186.06 [392-56-3] 5 ml; 25 ml 

52510 Hexafluorobenzene 

puriss., ≥99.0% (GC) C 6 F 6 M r 186.06 [392-56-3] 5 ml; 25 ml; 100 ml 

77297 Octafluorotoluene Perfluorotoluene 

purum, ≥98.0% (GC) C 7 F 8 M r 236.07 [434-64-0] 1 ml; 5 ml 

12811 (Trifluoromethyl)-benzene Benzotrifluoride 

purum, ≥98.0% (GC) C 7 H 5 F 3 M r 146.11 [98-08-8] 250 ml; 1 l 

77299 Heptacosafluorotributylamine Perfluorotributylamine 

puriss., p.a C 12 F 27 N M r 671.1 [311-89-7] 5 ml; 25 ml 

77306 Pentadecafluorotriethylamine Perfluorotriethylamine 

purum, ~97% (GC) C 6 F 15 N M r 371.05 [359-70-6] 5 ml; 25 ml 



ANNOUNCEMENTS! 

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Sigma-Aldrich is committed to introduce promising new technologies in Organic Synthesis! 

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67456 Fluorous Biphase Catalysis, Kit I: C-C-Coupling 

The new Fluka Fluorous Biphase Catalysis, Kit I: C-C-Coupling will contain perfluorotagged Pd-catalyst and solvents to run up to 10 

catalytic reactions under fluorous biphasic conditions. Furthermore, the catalyst can be recycled and reused for several aditional runs. 

To ensure an easy introduction to FBC-technology Fluka is working on detailed procedures to start with two model C-C-coupling 

reactions (Stille and Suzuki). The kit will include all the substrates and reagents necessary for these two test reactions. Analytical 

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Check www.sigma-aldrich.com/fluka on a regular basis for the 

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What is Phase Transfer Catalysis? 

As the chemical industry strives to improve process efficiency, safety and reduce environmental impact, Phase 

Transfer Catalysis (PTC) has become recognized as a useful tool to achieve these goals. 

The PTC methodology involves a substrate (which is soluble in the organic layer) and an anionic reagent (often a 

nucleophile), which is dissolved in the aqueous layer. The substrate and the anion are then brought together by a 

catalyst, which transports the anion into the organic phase where reaction can take place with the substrate. 

Quaternary ammonium and phosponium salts with their unique capability to dissolve in both aqueous and 

organic liquids are the catalysts of choice for most phase transfer applications. The ammonium derivatives are the 

most commonly used, but the phosphonium based phase transfer catalysts offer other interesting properties as 

well, like higher thermal stability. Other phase transfer catalysts include crown ethers and polyethylenglycols 

(PEG). 

What are its applications? 

Phase Transfer Catalysis (PTC) 

Some examples of well-known phase transfer catalyzed reactions include: 

❁ Nucleophilic substitution reactions, like halogenations and cyanations, 

❁ Alkylation and condensation reactions 

❁ Oxidations and reductions 

❁ Elimination reactions 

❁ Wittig and Wittig-Horner reactions 

What is the advantage as compared to other systems? 

There are several advantages of the phase transfer catalysis system over single-phase systems, such as: 

❁ An increased reaction rate 

❁ A lower reaction temperature 

❁ Avoiding the need for expensive anhydrous or aprotic solvents. 

❁ The use of water together with an organic solvent as reaction medium. 

Interestingly, some reactions are known to occur in a PTC-system that do not work in a normal system. The 

efficiency of phase transfer catalysis is influenced by the bulkiness of the groups attached to the phase transfer 

catalyst, its lipophilicity as well as that of its counter ion. For this reason Fluka offers a broad range of ammonium, 

phosphonium- and polyether-based phase transfer catalysts, from which we are proud to present you a selection 

below. 

FOR A COMPLETE LISTING OF THE BROAD RANGE OF PHASE 

TRANSFER CATALYSIS REAGENTS, PLEASE CHECK OUT OUR 

Fluka/Riedel-de-Haën Catalog 2001-2002 

Ready to scale up? For larger quantities, contact your local 

Sigma-Aldrich Office or visit our web site at www.sigma-aldrich.com

Product List Phase Transfer Reagents 

Ammonium based PTC Reagents 

86860 Tetrabutylammonium bromide 

puriss., ≥99.0% (AT) C 16 H 36 BrN M r 322.38 [1643-19-2] 25 g; 100 g; 500 g 

86861Tetrabutylammonium bromide 

purum, ≥98.0% (AT) C 16 H 36 BrN M r 322.38 [1643-19-2] 50 g; 250 g; 1 kg 

86870 Tetrabutylammonium chloride 

purum, ≥97.0% (AT) C 16 H 36 ClN M r 277.92 [1112-67-0] 25 g; 100 g; 500 g 

86872 Tetrabutylammonium fluoride trihydrate TBAF 

purum, ≥97.0% (NT) C 16 H 36 FN.3H 2 O M r 315.52 [87749-50-6] 10 g; 50 g; 250 g 

86843 Tetrabutylammonium fluoride trihydrate TBAF 

pract., ~95% (T) C 16 H 36 FN. 3H 2 O M r 315.52 [87749-50-6] 50 g ; 250 g 

86900 Tetrabutylammonium fluoride solution 

purum, ~1 M in THF C 16 H 36 FN M r 261.47 [429-41-4] 100 ml; 500 ml 

86875 Tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate 

purum, ≥97.0% (T) C 16 H 37 NO 4 S M r 339.54 [32503-27-8] 25 g; 100 g; 500 g 

86894 Tetrabutylammonium iodide 

purum, ≥98.0% (AT) C 16 H 36 IN M r 369.38 [311-28-4] 100 g; 250 g; 1 kg 

86886 Tetrabutylammonium thiocyanate 

purum, ≥99.0% (AT) C 17 H 36 N 2 S M r 300.55 [3674-54-2] 25 g; 100 g 

86873 Tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate 

purum, ≥98.0% (T) C 16 H 36 BF 4 N M r 329.28 [429-42-5] 25 g; 100 g; 500 g 

13952 Benzyltributylammonium chloride 

purum, ≥98.0% (AT) C 19 H 34 ClN M r 311.94 [23616-79-7] 100 g; 500 g 

13950 Benzyltriethylammonium chloride 

purum, ≥98.0% (AT) C 13 H 22 ClN M r 227.78 [56-37-1] 50 g; 250 g; 1 kg 

13965 Benzyltrimethylammonium bromide 

purum, ≥99.0% (AT) C 10 H 16 BrN M r 230.16 [5350-41-4] 100 g; 500 g 

13970 Benzyltrimethylammonium chloride 


52370 Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) 

purum, ~98% (AT) C H BrN 19 42 M 364.46 r [57-09-0] 100 g; 500 g 

52366 Hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride 

purum, ≥98.0% (NT) C H ClN 19 42 M 320.01 r [112-02-7] 10 g; 50 g 

52372 Hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride solution 

pract., ~25% in water C H ClN 19 42 M 320.01 r [112-02-7] 500 ml 

52373 Hexadecyltrimethylammonium hydrogen sulfate 

purum, ≥97.0% (T) C H NO S 19 43 4 M381.61 r [68214-07-3] 5 g; 25 g 

69486 Methyltrioctadecylammonium bromide Trioctadecylmethylammonium bromide 


69483 Methyltrioctylammonium bromide Trioctylmethylammonium bromide 

pract., ≥95% (AT) C 25 H 54 BrN M r 448.62 [35675-80-0] 50 g; 250 g 

69485 Methyltrioctylammonium chloride Trioctylmethylammonium chloride 

pract., ~95% (AT) C 25 H 54 ClN M r 404.17 [5137-55-3] 10 g; 50 g 

Fluka is proud to present a broad selection of PTC Reagents. 

For a full range of our products, visit our web site 

at www.sigma-aldrich.com/fluka


Ammonium based PTC Reagents continued 

Phosphonium based PTC Reagents 

Crown ethers and PEG based PTC Reagents 


or visit our web site at www.sigma-aldrich.com/fluka 

continued 

86610 Tetraethylammonium bromide 


86611 Tetraethylammonium chloride 


86615 Tetraethylammonium fluoride dihydrate 


86627 Tetraethylammonium hexafluorophosphate 

purum, ≥98.0% (T) C 8 H 20 F 6 NP M r 275.22 [429-07-2] 25 g; 100 g 

86620 Tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate 

purum, ≥99.0% (T) C 8 H 20 BF 4 N M r 217.06 [429-06-1] 25 g; 100 g 

87303 Tetrahexylammonium hydrogen sulfate 

purum, ≥98.0% (T) C 24 H 53 NO 4 S M r 451.76 [32503-34-7] 5 g; 25 g 

87710 Tetramethylammonium bromide 

≥97.0% (AT) C 4 H 12 BrN M r 154.06 [64-20-0] 100 g; 500 g 

87720 Tetramethylammonium chloride 


88000 Tetraoctylammonium bromide 


87991Tetraoctylammonium chloride 


52353 Tributylhexadecylphosphonium bromide TBHDPB 

purum, ~97% (AT) C 28 H 60 BrP M r 507.67 [14937-45-2] 25 g; 100 g 

86919 Tetrabutylphosphonium chloride 

purum, ≥97.0% (AT) C 16 H 36 ClP M r 294.89 [2304-30-5] 10 g; 50 g 

86917 Tetrabutylphosphonium bromide 

purum, ≥98.0% (AT) C 16 H 36 BrP M r 339.34 [3115-68-2] 100 g; 500 g 

28122 12-Crown-4 

purum, ≥98.0% (GC) C 8 H 16 O 4 M r 176.22 [294-93-9] 5 ml; 25 ml 

11380 1-Aza-15-crown-5 

pract., ≥98.0% (NT) C 10 H 21 NO 4 M r 219.27 66943-05-3] 1 g; 5 g 

28123 15-Crown-5 

purum, ≥98.0% (GC) C 10 H 20 O 5 M r 220.20 [33100-27-5] 5 ml; 25 ml 

33531Dibenzo-18-crown-6 

purum, ≥98.0% (UV) C 20 H 24 O 6 M r 360.41 [14187-32-7] 5 g; 25 g 

33539 Dibenzo-24-crown-8 

purum, ≥98.0% (UV) C 24 H 32 O 8 M r 448.52 [14174-09-5] 1 g; 5 g 

28125 18-Crown-6 

purum, ≥99.0% (GC) C 12 H 24 O 6 M r 264.32 [17455-13-9] 5 g; 25 g; 100 g 

36665 Dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 

purum, mixture of isomers, 

≥97.0% (GC) C 20 H 36 O 6 M r 372.51 [16069-36-6] 1 g; 5 g; 25 g 

36668 Dicyclohexano-24-crown-8 

purum, ~97% (GC) C 24 H 44 O 8 M r 460.61 [17455-23-1] 1 ml; 5 ml


Crown ethers and PEG based PTC Reagents continued 

PTC based reagents on Polymer Support 

2001-2002 

Sigma-Aldrich Combinatorial Chemistry Catalog 

This catalog will serve as your “One-Stop-Shop” guide to combinatorial 

chemistry. With Over 1,500 products for combichem “In-Stock”, more 

than 150 NEW resins listed and an expanded technical section, this 

comprehensive guide will no doubt serve as your number one 

combichem resource. 

TO RECEIVE YOUR COPY OF THIS VALUABLE PIECE OF LITERATURE, 

PLEASE CONTACT YOUR LOCAL SIGMA-ALDRICH OFFICE. 

Fluka offers a broad selection of Polymer supported reagents. Our range 

in this rapidly evolving field is continuously expanding. For a whole range of 

our products visit our web site at www.sigma-aldrich.com/fluka 

continued 

93373 Tris[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]amine TDA-1 

pract., ≥90% (T) C 15 H 33 NO 6 M r 323.43 [70384-51-9] 25 ml; 100 ml 

52910 4,7,13,16,21,24-Hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane 

puriss., ≥99.0% (T) C 18 H 36 N 2 O 6 M r 376.50 [23978-09-8] 250 mg; 1 g 

86610 Tetraethylammonium bromide 


86611 Tetraethylammonium chloride 


86615 Tetraethylammonium fluoride dihydrate 


86627 Tetraethylammonium hexafluorophosphate 

purum, ≥98.0% (T) C 8 H 20 F 6 NP M r 275.22 [429-07-2] 25 g; 100 g 

86620 Tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate 

purum, ≥99.0% (T) C 8 H 20 BF 4 N M r 217.06 [429-06-1] 25 g; 100 g 

81150 Polyethylene glycol 200 

purum M r 190-210 [25322-68-3] 1 l, 5 l 


purum M r 380-400 [25322-68-3] 1 l, 5 l 


purum M r 570- 630 [25322-68-3] 1 kg, 5 kg 


purum M r 570- 630 [25322-68-3] 1 kg, 5 kg 

90806 Tributylmethylammonium chloride polymer bound 

c(Cl - ): ~1.2 mmol/g resin 5 g; 25 g 

53265 Hexyltributylphosphonium bromide on polymer support 

c(P): ~0.5 mmol/g resin 5 g; 25 g 

90808 Tributylmethylphosphonium chloride polymer bound 

c(Cl - ): ~ 1.4 mmol/g resin 5 g; 25 g 

52735 Hexamethylphosphoramide polymer bound 

c(HMPA): ~2.9 mmol/g resin 5 g 

81185 Polyethylene glycol 600 monobenzyl ether polymer bound 

c(OH): ~0.35 mmol/g resin 1 g; 5 g 

81317 Polyethylene glycol 750 monobenzyl monomethyl ether polymer bound 

c(OH):

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