chapter 2 palladium catalysts in suzuki cross- coupling reaction

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 2.1. General kinds of catalysts................................................................................. H3
Figure 2.2. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions ................................................. H7
Figure 2.3. General representation of Suzuki reaction ....................................................... H8
Figure 2.4. A general catalytic cycle for the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction .................... H9
Figure 2.5. Oxidative Addition......................................................................................... H10
Figure 2.6. The Carbon- halogen bond cleavage in oxidative addition............................ H10
Figure 2.7. Transmetallation............................................................................................. H11
Figure 2.8. Reductive Elimination.................................................................................... H11
Figure 2.9. The Example of Suzuki reactions of aryl chlorides from literature ............... H14
Figure 2.10. Different types of ligands and palladium complexes used in
Suzuki reactions........................................................................................... H16
Figure 2.11. The role of base in transmetallation ............................................................. H19
Figure 3.1. Generally observed side-reactions with Pd-catalyzed
Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling................................................................... H22
Figure 3.2. The water soluble phosphine derivatives used in Suzuki reactions ............... H24
Figure 3.3. The Suzuki reactions of aryl bromides performed in TPPTS ........................ H25
Figure 3.4. Ionic liquid types used in the Suzuki reactions .............................................. H26
Figure 3.5. Polymer-supported palladium complexes ...................................................... H28
Figure 3.6. Polymer-supported FibreCat precatalysts ...................................................... H29
Figure 3.7. PVP-Pd catalyzed the Suzuki reactions.......................................................... H30
Figure 3.8. The sugar-based polymer chitosan supported palladium complex ................ H30
Figure 3.9. The Suzuki coupling of an 8-bromo-6-(2-(methylsulfonyl)
propan-2-yl)quinoline and 3-formylphenylboronic acid ................................ H32
Figure 3.10. Silica-supported palladium complexes used in the Suzuki
reactions....................................................................................................... H33
Figure 3.11. The immobilized Pd(II) species on silica supports ...................................... H35
Figure 3.12. Preparation of palladium hollow spheres ..................................................... H36
Figure 3.13. Silica and alumina tetrahedron structures .................................................... H37
Figure 3.14. SiO4 and AlO4 building blocks of zeolites ................................................... H38
Figure 3.15. The Heck reactions of aryl bromides with olefins ....................................... H39
Figure 3.16. Ship in Bottle Synthesis ............................................................................... H41
ix