chapter 2 palladium catalysts in suzuki cross- coupling reaction
chapter 2 palladium catalysts in suzuki cross- coupling reaction
chapter 2 palladium catalysts in suzuki cross- coupling reaction
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LIST OF FIGURES<br />
Figure Page<br />
Figure 2.1. General k<strong>in</strong>ds of <strong>catalysts</strong>................................................................................. H3<br />
Figure 2.2. Palladium-catalyzed <strong>cross</strong>-coupl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>reaction</strong>s ................................................. H7<br />
Figure 2.3. General representation of Suzuki <strong>reaction</strong> ....................................................... H8<br />
Figure 2.4. A general catalytic cycle for the Suzuki <strong>cross</strong>-coupl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>reaction</strong> .................... H9<br />
Figure 2.5. Oxidative Addition......................................................................................... H10<br />
Figure 2.6. The Carbon- halogen bond cleavage <strong>in</strong> oxidative addition............................ H10<br />
Figure 2.7. Transmetallation............................................................................................. H11<br />
Figure 2.8. Reductive Elim<strong>in</strong>ation.................................................................................... H11<br />
Figure 2.9. The Example of Suzuki <strong>reaction</strong>s of aryl chlorides from literature ............... H14<br />
Figure 2.10. Different types of ligands and <strong>palladium</strong> complexes used <strong>in</strong><br />
Suzuki <strong>reaction</strong>s........................................................................................... H16<br />
Figure 2.11. The role of base <strong>in</strong> transmetallation ............................................................. H19<br />
Figure 3.1. Generally observed side-<strong>reaction</strong>s with Pd-catalyzed<br />
Suzuki-Miyaura <strong>cross</strong>-coupl<strong>in</strong>g................................................................... H22<br />
Figure 3.2. The water soluble phosph<strong>in</strong>e derivatives used <strong>in</strong> Suzuki <strong>reaction</strong>s ............... H24<br />
Figure 3.3. The Suzuki <strong>reaction</strong>s of aryl bromides performed <strong>in</strong> TPPTS ........................ H25<br />
Figure 3.4. Ionic liquid types used <strong>in</strong> the Suzuki <strong>reaction</strong>s .............................................. H26<br />
Figure 3.5. Polymer-supported <strong>palladium</strong> complexes ...................................................... H28<br />
Figure 3.6. Polymer-supported FibreCat pre<strong>catalysts</strong> ...................................................... H29<br />
Figure 3.7. PVP-Pd catalyzed the Suzuki <strong>reaction</strong>s.......................................................... H30<br />
Figure 3.8. The sugar-based polymer chitosan supported <strong>palladium</strong> complex ................ H30<br />
Figure 3.9. The Suzuki coupl<strong>in</strong>g of an 8-bromo-6-(2-(methylsulfonyl)<br />
propan-2-yl)qu<strong>in</strong>ol<strong>in</strong>e and 3-formylphenylboronic acid ................................ H32<br />
Figure 3.10. Silica-supported <strong>palladium</strong> complexes used <strong>in</strong> the Suzuki<br />
<strong>reaction</strong>s....................................................................................................... H33<br />
Figure 3.11. The immobilized Pd(II) species on silica supports ...................................... H35<br />
Figure 3.12. Preparation of <strong>palladium</strong> hollow spheres ..................................................... H36<br />
Figure 3.13. Silica and alum<strong>in</strong>a tetrahedron structures .................................................... H37<br />
Figure 3.14. SiO4 and AlO4 build<strong>in</strong>g blocks of zeolites ................................................... H38<br />
Figure 3.15. The Heck <strong>reaction</strong>s of aryl bromides with olef<strong>in</strong>s ....................................... H39<br />
Figure 3.16. Ship <strong>in</strong> Bottle Synthesis ............................................................................... H41<br />
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