09.10.2021 Views

Historic Trauma and Aboriginal Healing

by Cynthia C. Wesley-Esquimaux, Ph.D. and Magdalena Smolewski, Ph.D.

by Cynthia C. Wesley-Esquimaux, Ph.D. and Magdalena Smolewski, Ph.D.

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Table of Contents<br />

Definitions---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i<br />

Executive Summary --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii<br />

Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1<br />

The Scope of the Study ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5<br />

<strong>Historic</strong>al Background --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11<br />

European Arrival in the Americas------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11<br />

And The People Were Dancing --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21<br />

A Legacy of Death <strong>and</strong> Suffering ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23<br />

Death is Always Death ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24<br />

Analyzing the <strong>Trauma</strong> ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29<br />

Early Period: Cultural Transition – Physical Area of Impact ------------------------------------------ 29<br />

Early Period: Cultural Transition – Economic Area of Impact --------------------------------------- 33<br />

Middle Period: Cultural Transition – Cultural Area of Impact --------------------------------------- 37<br />

Middle Period: Cultural Dispossession – Social Area of Impact-------------------------------------- 43<br />

Late Period: Cultural Oppression – Psychological Area of Impact ----------------------------------- 48<br />

The Known <strong>and</strong> the Unknown Genocide --------------------------------------------------------------- 55<br />

A New Model: <strong>Historic</strong> <strong>Trauma</strong> Transmission (HTT) -------------------------------------------------65<br />

Learned Helplessness --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66<br />

Internal Versus External Locus of Control -------------------------------------------------------------- 66<br />

Modes of Transmission ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71<br />

Implications for <strong>Healing</strong>: Recovery of Awareness ------------------------------------------------------ 77<br />

The Elders Speak ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------85<br />

Appendix 1: Complex Post-<strong>Trauma</strong>tic Stress Disorder ---------------------------------------------------- 95<br />

References--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97

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