Historic Trauma and Aboriginal Healing
by Cynthia C. Wesley-Esquimaux, Ph.D. and Magdalena Smolewski, Ph.D.
by Cynthia C. Wesley-Esquimaux, Ph.D. and Magdalena Smolewski, Ph.D.
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Table of Contents<br />
Definitions---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i<br />
Executive Summary --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii<br />
Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1<br />
The Scope of the Study ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5<br />
<strong>Historic</strong>al Background --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11<br />
European Arrival in the Americas------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11<br />
And The People Were Dancing --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21<br />
A Legacy of Death <strong>and</strong> Suffering ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23<br />
Death is Always Death ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24<br />
Analyzing the <strong>Trauma</strong> ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29<br />
Early Period: Cultural Transition – Physical Area of Impact ------------------------------------------ 29<br />
Early Period: Cultural Transition – Economic Area of Impact --------------------------------------- 33<br />
Middle Period: Cultural Transition – Cultural Area of Impact --------------------------------------- 37<br />
Middle Period: Cultural Dispossession – Social Area of Impact-------------------------------------- 43<br />
Late Period: Cultural Oppression – Psychological Area of Impact ----------------------------------- 48<br />
The Known <strong>and</strong> the Unknown Genocide --------------------------------------------------------------- 55<br />
A New Model: <strong>Historic</strong> <strong>Trauma</strong> Transmission (HTT) -------------------------------------------------65<br />
Learned Helplessness --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66<br />
Internal Versus External Locus of Control -------------------------------------------------------------- 66<br />
Modes of Transmission ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71<br />
Implications for <strong>Healing</strong>: Recovery of Awareness ------------------------------------------------------ 77<br />
The Elders Speak ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------85<br />
Appendix 1: Complex Post-<strong>Trauma</strong>tic Stress Disorder ---------------------------------------------------- 95<br />
References--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97