Exploring Catholic Social Teaching
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Chapter Text and Discussion Questions<br />
1 The essay discusses the innate<br />
sense that even young children<br />
have regarding of things that<br />
rightfully belong to us. Toward<br />
what greater truth might this<br />
be pointing us? The foundation<br />
of justice is the nature and dignity<br />
of the human person and the<br />
profound need we have for others<br />
to respect what rightfully belongs<br />
to us and for us to respect what<br />
belongs to others. This goes beyond<br />
our material possession and also<br />
includes our bodily integrity, our<br />
conscience, and so forth.<br />
2 Note the text says children often<br />
rebel at a “perceived” injustice.<br />
Think of a time you saw a child<br />
have this kind of reaction. How<br />
did the adults around them react?<br />
Who/what helps us develop a<br />
more mature sense of justice?<br />
Students will probably say the adults<br />
tried to help the child calm down and<br />
recognize the needs of others. When<br />
we are young, we are entirely selfcentered.<br />
Our parents, the Church,<br />
friends, and family help us develop<br />
this more mature sense that takes<br />
into account the needs of others.<br />
3 What are ways in which society<br />
can be structured to encourage<br />
people to be just? In what ways<br />
is our current society failing<br />
to mold just people? Accept<br />
reasoned responses. Responses might<br />
involve the duty of lawmakers to create<br />
laws that encourage moral growth and<br />
development.<br />
176 <strong>Exploring</strong> <strong>Catholic</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Teaching</strong><br />
Vocabulary<br />
Right (n.): That to which<br />
someone has a just<br />
claim. Some rights, called<br />
natural rights, are Godgiven,<br />
fundamental to<br />
the human person, and<br />
common to all people. It<br />
is the duty of government<br />
to protect our natural<br />
rights. Other rights, called<br />
political rights or civil<br />
rights, can be given and/<br />
or taken away by civil<br />
authority, such as the<br />
right to vote, serve on<br />
juries, or receive a public<br />
education.<br />
In order to have<br />
a just society,<br />
we first need<br />
just people.<br />
© Sophia Institute for Teachers<br />
From the time we are children, we have an innate sense of justice or fairness.<br />
We do not always grasp what “fair” means, but we do know that we<br />
think life should be fair. Some of a child’s very fi rst protests, usually toward<br />
a sibling or playmate, are against some perceived injustice. The root of<br />
this sense of justice is the innate grasp humans have of the difference<br />
between what one can say is “mine” and what is “yours.” Usually, it begins<br />
with things over which we feel we have some ownership — a toy or an occupied<br />
space, for example — but as we grow, it extends to the boundaries<br />
of our body, mind, and spirit. In these last three, we acknowledge the ownership<br />
we have over bodily integrity, our emotional well-being, conscience,<br />
legitimate freedom, and our relationship to God. The foundation of justice<br />
is the nature and dignity of the human person and the profound need we<br />
have for others to respect what rightfully belongs to us. This need leads to<br />
a corresponding sense of respect we must have for what belongs to others.<br />
In this chapter, we will explore the nature and kinds of justice upon which<br />
any peaceful society depends.<br />
The Moral Virtue of Justice<br />
The simple defi nition of justice is the “moral virtue that consists in<br />
the constant and firm will to give their due to God and neighbor. …<br />
[Justice] disposes one to respect the rights of each and to establish<br />
in human relationships the harmony that promotes equity with regard<br />
to persons and to the common good. The just man… is distinguished<br />
by habitual right thinking and the uprightness of his conduct toward<br />
his neighbor” ( CCC 1807). Notice that justice is a virtue that resides within<br />
us by means of the fi rm will to give others their due. The word justice<br />
itself is rooted in a person’s intention to give what is owed or what belongs<br />
to others by right, or ius in Latin. In order to have a just society, we fi rst<br />
need just people. The virtue of justice is primarily about the intention to be<br />
in a right relationship with others by giving them what they are due: love.<br />
Think of justice like the fl oor of a house; it is the ground of any social<br />
order. Without it, people cannot acquire the most elementary goods necessary<br />
to human life. Justice does not require everyone to be friends or even<br />
to like each other. Justice does, however, require love for God and respect<br />
for the dignity of every human person. In other words, justice demands<br />
that we refrain from ever using other people for our own selfi sh gain and<br />
that we honor all people as images of the living God. Justice demands we<br />
ensure that society uphold the legitimate rights of every person. Implicitly,<br />
justice acknowledges that each person we encounter, and every society<br />
in which we participate, belongs ultimately to God, who is the sole owner<br />
of everything and so establishes the standard by which we are to treat all<br />
people. That standard is His love. Because God loves us, we are minimally<br />
146 <strong>Exploring</strong> <strong>Catholic</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Teaching</strong><br />
© Sophia Institute for Teachers