Instruction in Functional Assessment, 2014a

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Instruction in Functional Assessment Chapter 2 Research Design & Functional Analysis A FAn compares the effects of various conditions using single participant experimental research designs. Commonly used research designs when conducting FAn include multielement and ABAB designs as defined below. The duration of presentation of each condition is typically at least 5 min with a brief (e.g., 5-min) break between conditions if several are presented on one day. When implementing an ABAB RESEARCH DESIGN, or a reversal-replication research design, the first step involves measuring the dependent variable (the individual’s challenging behavior) during the baseline phase (A), when no treatment is applied (Martin & Pear, 2011). Once stability of the behavior has been achieved, the treatment or the independent variable (B) is applied and its effect on behavior is observed. Lastly, these two phases are repeated or replicated. A convincing demonstration of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is provided if the behavior changes only when treatment is present and not when it is absent. In other variations of this design different treatment conditions can be compared as opposed to including a baseline comparison. In the graphed data presented in Figure 2 below, the use of an ABAB research design in a FAn to test the effects of easy versus difficult school work on the off-task behavior of a child in the classroom is illustrated. The levels of off-task behavior are greater when difficult school work is presented compared to when easy school work is presented. Intervention can be designed to provide the child with greater assistance or teach the child to ask for assistance when difficult school work is given. Figure 2 An example of an ABAB research design to test the effects of easy versus difficult school work on the off-task behavior with one child An example of use of an ABAB research design to test the effects of easy versus difficult school work on the off-task behavior with one child. With a MULTIELEMENT RESEARCH DESIGN two or more conditions or treatments (i.e., independent variable) are alternated rapidly (e.g., treatments A and B are conducted in 24
Instruction in Functional Assessment Chapter 2 one day or during the same hour). This design is also known as alternating treatment or simultaneous treatment research design (Martin & Pear, 2011). The conditions are alternated across days (e.g., Day 1: attention, demands, alone, play; Day 2: demands, alone, play, attention, etc.) to reduce the confounding effects of order. Like an ABAB research design, the purpose of the multielement research design is to determine which of several conditions or treatments produce a change in the behavior of interest. The difference in levels of the challenging behavior between conditions is evaluated to determine which condition affects the behavior most. In the following graphical presentation of FAn seen in Figure 3, the frequency of aggressive behavior is highest in the attention condition compared to the other conditions providing experimental evidence that attention positive reinforcement is maintaining the individual’s aggressive behavior. Figure 3 An example of a multielement research design to determine the effects of attention, demands, play, and tangible conditions on an individual’s frequency of aggressive behavior The following is an example of the steps involved in conducting Example of a functional analysis procedure using a multielement research design: Define the problem behavior. In a controlled setting, present 10 min where the attention condition is in effect and instances of the problem behavior are recorded. 5 min break. Present 10 min of the demand condition 5 min break Present 10 min play condition 5 min break 25
Page 1 and 2: The Missing Link: An Introduction t
Page 3 and 4: ©2014 Marcie Desrochers & Moira Fa
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Chapter 6 Functional Analysis Case
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Instruction in Functional Assessment, 2014a

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