Mind, Body, World- Foundations of Cognitive Science, 2013a

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5.5 Umwelten, Affordances, and Enactive Perception | 219 5.6 Horizontal Layers of Control | 222 5.7 Mind in Action | 224 5.8 The Extended Mind | 230 5.9 The Roots of Forward Engineering | 235 5.10 Reorientation without Representation | 239 5.11 Robotic Moments in Social Environments | 245 5.12 The Architecture of Mind Reading | 250 5.13 Levels of Embodied Cognitive Science | 255 5.14 What Is Embodied Cognitive Science? | 260 Chapter 6. Classical Music and Cognitive Science | 265 6.0 Chapter Overview | 265 6.1 The Classical Nature of Classical Music | 266 6.2 The Classical Approach to Musical Cognition | 273 6.3 Musical Romanticism and Connectionism | 280 6.4 The Connectionist Approach to Musical Cognition | 286 6.5 The Embodied Nature of Modern Music | 291 6.6 The Embodied Approach to Musical Cognition | 301 6.7 Cognitive Science and Classical Music | 307 Chapter 7. Marks of the Classical? | 315 7.0 Chapter Overview | 315 7.1 Symbols and Situations | 316 7.2 Marks of the Classical | 324 7.3 Centralized versus Decentralized Control | 326 7.4 Serial versus Parallel Processing | 334 7.5 Local versus Distributed Representations | 339 7.6 Internal Representations | 343 7.7 Explicit Rules versus Implicit Knowledge | 345 7.8 The Cognitive Vocabulary | 348 7.9 From Classical Marks to Hybrid Theories | 355 Chapter 8. Seeing and Visualizing | 359 8.0 Chapter Overview | 359 8.1 The Transparency of Visual Processing | 360 8.2 The Poverty of the Stimulus | 362 8.3 Enrichment via Unconscious Inference | 368 8.4 Natural Constraints | 371 8.5 Vision, Cognition, and Visual Cognition | 379 8.6 Indexing Objects in the World | 383 vii
8.7 Situation, Vision, and Action | 390 8.8 Scaffolding the Mental Image | 394 8.9 The Bounds of Cognition | 397 Chapter 9. Towards a Cognitive Dialectic | 399 9.0 Chapter Overview | 399 9.1 Towards a Cognitive Dialectic | 400 9.2 Psychology, Revolution, and Environment | 406 9.3 Lessons from Natural Computation | 412 9.4 A Cognitive Synthesis | 417 References | 425 Index | 485 viii
Page 2 and 3: MIND, BODY, WORLD
Page 4 and 5: MIND, FOUNDATIONS OF COGNITIVE SCIE
Page 6 and 7: Contents List of Figures and Tables
Page 10 and 11: List of Figures and Tables Figure 2
Page 12: Table 2-1. Examples of the truth va
Page 15 and 16: happened in psychology. “One acco
Page 18 and 19: 1 The Cognitive Sciences: One or Ma
Page 20 and 21: The fragmentation of psychology is
Page 22 and 23: qualitatively different kinds of qu
Page 24 and 25: should we examine “cognitive scie
Page 26 and 27: discrete symbols stored in a separa
Page 28 and 29: Some researchers have attempted to
Page 30 and 31: tool, or by its designer. The perso
Page 32 and 33: experiments fall into new relations
Page 34: With the foundations of the three d
Page 37 and 38: level, one asks what physical mecha
Page 39 and 40: thinking was logic, then thinking m
Page 41 and 42: equation of thought is of the secon
Page 43 and 44: ewritten as “A is B,” which in
Page 45 and 46: combinations of the binary inputs p
Page 47 and 48: Vannevar Bush. This machine was a p
Page 49 and 50: In Lovecraft’s (1933) story, the
Page 51 and 52: given in Table 2-2 (Hillis, 1998).
Page 53 and 54: switch was closed matched the durat
Page 55 and 56: 2.6 Multiple Levels of Investigatio
Page 57 and 58: mentioned in the current section ar
Page 59 and 60:
How does a Turing machine generate
Page 61 and 62:
The problem with reverse engineerin
Page 63 and 64:
2.10 Architectures against Homuncul
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out at any given time (Newell, 1980
Page 67 and 68:
experiment, people write questions
Page 69 and 70:
hypothesis (Dawson, 1998), is used
Page 71 and 72:
Other developments in cognitive sci
Page 73 and 74:
and strong equivalence are reviewed
Page 75 and 76:
After establishing his own existenc
Page 77 and 78:
For it is a very remarkable fact th
Page 79 and 80:
used to solve a complex problem by
Page 81 and 82:
In the code given above, recursion
Page 83 and 84:
The complex, clausal structure of a
Page 85 and 86:
within a phrase marker. The recursi
Page 87 and 88:
new physical state, the direction i
Page 89 and 90:
Bever, Fodor, and Garrett (1968) us
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found that informant learning permi
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derived, in the same way as new kno
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physical symbol system hypothesis:
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semantic lives, in which they have
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A device that can compute every pos
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contents of mental states and behav
Page 103 and 104:
as being tokens of a particular typ
Page 105 and 106:
-1.5 Grande Prairie Slave Lake Fort
Page 107 and 108:
A production system is a general-pu
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in thinking about cognition without
Page 111 and 112:
ased on informed judgment, and how
Page 113 and 114:
paranoids. Forty practising psychia
Page 115 and 116:
if they are weakly equivalent), acc
Page 117 and 118:
Newell and Simon (1972) created a c
Page 119 and 120:
is a property that is not local, bu
Page 121 and 122:
A third approach to validating a mo
Page 123 and 124:
growing variety of models of reorie
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are instructed to scan across the i
Page 127 and 128:
paper (Pylyshyn, 1973), which propo
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location to the first. In this cond
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The packing problem is concerned wi
Page 133 and 134:
I should like to propose a generali
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attempt to localize function. For i
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solution to the problem? For instan
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links between the two at the differ
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4 Elements of Connectionist Cogniti
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twentieth centuries (Warren, 1921).
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connectionist cognitive science dev
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via unsupervised learning (Carpente
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symbols. However, as connectionism
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Empiricist philosopher John Locke c
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The ability of A’s later activity
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In spite of the popularity and succ
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then become a different kind of net
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space, an entire row of a truth tab
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the only time that output unit acti
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The multilayer network illustrated
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input pattern in an all-or-none fas
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function such as the logistic. “N
Page 170 and 171:
esponse is interpreted as represent
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define more complex probabilistic c
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A second condition of the perceptro
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esponses to determine the trigger f
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hidden unit computes its error by s
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The musical notation for the C majo
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and then determine the relationship
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In the pitch class representation u
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input signals coming from all of th
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chords. For instance, none of the h
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ecording or wiretapping (Calvin & O
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anding when a hidden unit’s activ
Page 194 and 195:
classical form. This result suggest
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technique, the ID3 algorithm (Quinl
Page 198 and 199:
Decision Point From Table 4-4 Equiv
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For example, mushrooms that were as
Page 202 and 203:
color; that red, for instance, even
Page 204 and 205:
When New Connectionism arose in the
Page 206 and 207:
idea is to give the network as many
Page 208 and 209:
in contiguity with the UR, the CS b
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stronger, or more intense, or faste
Page 212 and 213:
simulations also revealed new pheno
Page 214 and 215:
the correlation between the connect
Page 216 and 217:
Given the breadth of connectionist
Page 218 and 219:
were provided earlier in this chapt
Page 220 and 221:
On the other hand, the functional n
Page 222 and 223:
5 Elements of Embodied Cognitive Sc
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can do away with the body” (Hayle
Page 226 and 227:
of the environment in which he find
Page 228 and 229:
salesman’s tour increases linearl
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of the superorganism’s components
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next. Theraulaz and Bonabeau (1999)
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physical robot that acts like a Bra
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seriously as a contributor to the c
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to perception. Gibson (1966, p. 49)
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modules provide basic, general-purp
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several hours to complete a task (M
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Scribner’s own work (Scribner & T
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a virtual interface that was increa
Page 248 and 249:
The embodied approach’s emphasis
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eorganizing the entire system. The
Page 252 and 253:
understanding. The extended mind hy
Page 254 and 255:
old clocks and gas meters” (Grey
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the British Association (Hayward, 2
Page 258 and 259:
without feature cues. Their goal wa
Page 260 and 261:
obot has stopped moving, and two ar
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cognitive science ventures to study
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the human brain (Gallese et al., 19
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y changing its facial expression, d
Page 268 and 269:
others’ actions mind reading or m
Page 270 and 271:
that others “are like me in being
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is illusory (Clark, 2003; Dennett,
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Even though an agent’s body can b
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interaction with the world are not
Page 278 and 279:
The lofty goals of artificial intel
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This system is then placed in an in
Page 283 and 284:
Reviewing the three approaches with
Page 285 and 286:
For instance, the exposition uses i
Page 287 and 288:
this interface, internal thinking,
Page 289 and 290:
The conductor is not the only contr
Page 291 and 292:
grouped into distinct auditory stre
Page 293 and 294:
and stored in memory in a form diff
Page 295 and 296:
theorize about mental processing be
Page 297 and 298:
Krumhansl’s (1990) internalizatio
Page 299 and 300:
mighty Alps, whose white and shinin
Page 301 and 302:
The isolated genius is a recurring
Page 303 and 304:
6.4 The Connectionist Approach to M
Page 305 and 306:
will not occur (Gasser, Eck, & Port
Page 307 and 308:
preferences (Bugatti, Flammini, & M
Page 309 and 310:
The key feature from above is tonal
Page 311 and 312:
The vein for which three hundred ye
Page 313 and 314:
complexities of sound were produced
Page 315 and 316:
Reich’s idea of a musical process
Page 317 and 318:
orchestra brings the score to life
Page 319 and 320:
meaning and that this meaning is so
Page 321 and 322:
evaluation, interpretation, and des
Page 323 and 324:
software objects can now evolve and
Page 325 and 326:
instruments can serve as behavioura
Page 327 and 328:
the case that Austro-German music i
Page 329 and 330:
Interactions between perception of
Page 332 and 333:
7 Marks of the Classical? 7.0 Chapt
Page 334 and 335:
in this section. One context for th
Page 336 and 337:
Critical to Vera and Simon’s (199
Page 338 and 339:
Vera and Simon (1993) pointed out t
Page 340 and 341:
physical scene that is being viewed
Page 342 and 343:
the three schools of thought in cog
Page 344 and 345:
was employed to work on the 1880 Un
Page 346 and 347:
predefined value was reached (Willi
Page 348 and 349:
Indeed, the interactions between a
Page 350 and 351:
determine which production will act
Page 352 and 353:
classical models they inspire are d
Page 354 and 355:
a word in memory to be accessed in
Page 356 and 357:
7.5 Local versus Distributed Repres
Page 358 and 359:
Finally, different degrees of super
Page 360 and 361:
to produce networks that are capabl
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e essentially embodied and embedded
Page 364 and 365:
to question explicit rules as a mar
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the electronic circuits which perfo
Page 368 and 369:
which make use of the knowledge att
Page 370 and 371:
instance, meaningful, complex token
Page 372 and 373:
constraints on symbol manipulations
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linguistic structures. That is, suc
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8 Seeing and Visualizing 8.0 Chapte
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an enormously high-quality visual w
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for the discovery of subjective sen
Page 382 and 383:
The primary visual data caused by t
Page 384 and 385:
A related phenomenon is inattention
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Spontaneously and by our own power,
Page 388 and 389:
depends upon noticing and reacting
Page 390 and 391:
this location. The affected locatio
Page 392 and 393:
For our purposes, though, the above
Page 394 and 395:
The nearest neighbour principle is
Page 396 and 397:
8.5 Vision, Cognition, and Visual C
Page 398 and 399:
Feature integration theory arose to
Page 400 and 401:
(Pylyshyn, 2007, p. 32). Part of Py
Page 402 and 403:
independent of those for processing
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(Pylyshyn & Storm, 1988). However,
Page 406 and 407:
& Stanton, 1978; Sakata et al., 198
Page 408 and 409:
that compose early vision, and whic
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with embodied cognitive science. Py
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esults by demonstrating that they a
Page 414 and 415:
According to the index projection h
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9 Towards a Cognitive Dialectic 9.0
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summarizes that text visually by us
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Another way to illustrate the diffe
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tension? One approach to achieving
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interested in reformulating cogniti
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On the other side of the antagonism
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For instance, Simon’s (1969) earl
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was a low-level interpretation that
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computation approach appeals to ele
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etween scientific paradigms (Kuhn,
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each of the three schools of though
Page 438 and 439:
It is pleasurable and easy to creat
Page 440 and 441:
exploring how this problem might be
Page 442 and 443:
References Abu-Mostafa, Y. S. (1990
Page 444 and 445:
Baddeley, A. D. (1990). Human memor
Page 446 and 447:
Bernstein, L. (1976). The unanswere
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Brooks, R. A., & Flynn, A. M. (1989
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Chase, V. M., Hertwig, R., & Gigere
Page 452 and 453:
Comrie, L. J. (1933). The Hollerith
Page 454 and 455:
Dawson, M. R. W., Kelly, D. M., Spe
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Downing, H. A., & Jeanne, R. L. (19
Page 458 and 459:
Fletcher, G. J. O. (1995). The scie
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Gjerdingen, R. O. (1989). Using con
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Greeno, J. G., & Moore, J. L. (1993
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Hauser, M. D., Chomsky, N., & Fitch
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Hopcroft, J. E., & Ullman, J. D. (1
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Josephson, M. (1961). Edison. New Y
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Kolers, P. (1972). Aspects of motio
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Leahey, T. H. (1987). A history of
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Luria, A., Tsvetkova, L., & Futer,
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McNaughton, B., Barnes, C. A., Gerr
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Monelle, R. (2000). The sense of mu
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Oaksford, M., & Chater, N. (1991).
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Peretz, I., Kolinsky, R., Tramo, M.
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Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1980). Computation
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Révész, G. E. (1983). Introductio
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Samuels, R. (1998). Evolutionary ps
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Shepard, R. N. (1984b). Ecological
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Steedman, M. J. (1984). A generativ
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Tolman, E. C. (1932). Purposive beh
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Verfaille, V., Depalle, P., & Wande
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Wexler, K., & Culicover, P. W. (198
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Zittoun, T., Gillespie, A., & Corni
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conduit metaphor, 299-303, 308 cons
Page 505 and 506:
motion correspondence problem, 375-
Page 507:
Turing equivalence, 95, 152 Turing
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