Mind, Body, World- Foundations of Cognitive Science, 2013a

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Another way to illustrate the differences between the different approaches to cognitive science is to consider a set of possible dimensions or features and to characterize each approach to cognitive science in terms of each dimension. Table 9-1 presents one example of this manoeuvre. The dimensions used in this table—core ideas, preferred formalism, tacit assumption, and so on—were selected because I viewed them as being important, but the list of these features could be extended. Classical Cognitive Science Connectionist Cognitive Science Embodied Cognitive Science Core Ideas Mind as a physical Mind as information Mind as controller symbol system processor, but not as of action Mind as digital a digital computer Mind emerging computer Mind as a parallel from situation and Mind as planner Mind as creator and manipulator of models of the world Mind as sense-thinkact processing computer Mind as pattern recognizer Mind as a statistical engine Mind as biologically plausible mechanism embodiment, or being-in-the-world Mind as extending beyond skull into world Mind as sense-act processing Preferred Symbolic logic Nonlinear Dynamical systems Formalism optimization theory Tacit Nativism, naïve Empiricism Embodied Assumption realism interaction Type of Processing Symbol manipulation Pattern recognition Acting on the world Prototypical Production system Multilayer perceptron Behaviour-based Architecture (Newell, 1973) (Rumelhart et al., robot (Brooks, 1989) 1986b) Prototypical Language Discrimination Locomotion Domain Problem solving learning Social interaction Perceptual categorization Towards a Cognitive Dialectic 403
Classical Cognitive Science Connectionist Cognitive Science Embodied Cognitive Science Philosophical Hobbes Aristotle Vico Roots Descartes Locke Dewey Leibniz Hume Heidegger Craik James Merleau-Ponty Some Key Chomsky J.A. Anderson Brooks Modern Theorists Dennett Hinton Clark Fodor Kohonen Noë Pylyshyn McClelland Wilson Some Plans And The Principles Of Cognition Pioneering Structure Of Behavior Neurodynamics And Reality Works (Miller et al., 1960) (Rosenblatt, 1962) (Neisser, 1976) Aspects Of The Parallel Models Of The Ecological Theory Of Syntax Associative Memory Approach To (Chomsky, 1965) (Hinton & Anderson, Visual Perception Human Problem 1981) (Gibson, 1979) Solving (Newell & Parallel Distributed Understanding Simon, 1972) Processing Computers (McClelland & And Cognition Rumelhart, 1986; (Winograd & Rumelhart & Flores, 1987b) McClelland, 1986c) Table 9-1. Contrasts between the three schools of thought in cognitive science. An examination of Table 9-1 once again reveals marked differences between the three approaches as described in this volume. Other features could be added to this table, but I suspect that they too would reveal striking differences between the three views of cognitive science, and would be less likely to reveal striking similarities. The illustrations so far—with the word clouds and with the table—definitely point towards the existence of theses and antitheses. An obvious tension exists within cognitive science. How might a synthesis be achieved to alleviate this 404 Chapter 9
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MIND, BODY, WORLD
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MIND, FOUNDATIONS OF COGNITIVE SCIE
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Contents List of Figures and Tables
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5.5 Umwelten, Affordances, and Enac
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List of Figures and Tables Figure 2
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Table 2-1. Examples of the truth va
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happened in psychology. “One acco
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1 The Cognitive Sciences: One or Ma
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The fragmentation of psychology is
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qualitatively different kinds of qu
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should we examine “cognitive scie
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discrete symbols stored in a separa
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Some researchers have attempted to
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tool, or by its designer. The perso
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experiments fall into new relations
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With the foundations of the three d
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level, one asks what physical mecha
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thinking was logic, then thinking m
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equation of thought is of the secon
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ewritten as “A is B,” which in
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combinations of the binary inputs p
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Vannevar Bush. This machine was a p
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In Lovecraft’s (1933) story, the
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given in Table 2-2 (Hillis, 1998).
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switch was closed matched the durat
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2.6 Multiple Levels of Investigatio
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mentioned in the current section ar
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How does a Turing machine generate
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The problem with reverse engineerin
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2.10 Architectures against Homuncul
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out at any given time (Newell, 1980
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experiment, people write questions
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hypothesis (Dawson, 1998), is used
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Other developments in cognitive sci
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and strong equivalence are reviewed
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After establishing his own existenc
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For it is a very remarkable fact th
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used to solve a complex problem by
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In the code given above, recursion
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The complex, clausal structure of a
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within a phrase marker. The recursi
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new physical state, the direction i
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Bever, Fodor, and Garrett (1968) us
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found that informant learning permi
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derived, in the same way as new kno
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physical symbol system hypothesis:
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semantic lives, in which they have
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A device that can compute every pos
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contents of mental states and behav
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as being tokens of a particular typ
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-1.5 Grande Prairie Slave Lake Fort
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A production system is a general-pu
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in thinking about cognition without
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ased on informed judgment, and how
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paranoids. Forty practising psychia
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if they are weakly equivalent), acc
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Newell and Simon (1972) created a c
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is a property that is not local, bu
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A third approach to validating a mo
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growing variety of models of reorie
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are instructed to scan across the i
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paper (Pylyshyn, 1973), which propo
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location to the first. In this cond
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The packing problem is concerned wi
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I should like to propose a generali
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attempt to localize function. For i
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solution to the problem? For instan
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links between the two at the differ
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4 Elements of Connectionist Cogniti
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twentieth centuries (Warren, 1921).
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connectionist cognitive science dev
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via unsupervised learning (Carpente
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symbols. However, as connectionism
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Empiricist philosopher John Locke c
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The ability of A’s later activity
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In spite of the popularity and succ
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then become a different kind of net
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space, an entire row of a truth tab
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the only time that output unit acti
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The multilayer network illustrated
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input pattern in an all-or-none fas
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function such as the logistic. “N
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esponse is interpreted as represent
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define more complex probabilistic c
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A second condition of the perceptro
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esponses to determine the trigger f
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hidden unit computes its error by s
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The musical notation for the C majo
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and then determine the relationship
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In the pitch class representation u
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input signals coming from all of th
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chords. For instance, none of the h
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ecording or wiretapping (Calvin & O
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anding when a hidden unit’s activ
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classical form. This result suggest
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technique, the ID3 algorithm (Quinl
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Decision Point From Table 4-4 Equiv
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For example, mushrooms that were as
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color; that red, for instance, even
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When New Connectionism arose in the
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idea is to give the network as many
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in contiguity with the UR, the CS b
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stronger, or more intense, or faste
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simulations also revealed new pheno
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the correlation between the connect
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Given the breadth of connectionist
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were provided earlier in this chapt
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On the other hand, the functional n
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5 Elements of Embodied Cognitive Sc
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can do away with the body” (Hayle
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of the environment in which he find
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salesman’s tour increases linearl
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of the superorganism’s components
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next. Theraulaz and Bonabeau (1999)
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physical robot that acts like a Bra
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seriously as a contributor to the c
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to perception. Gibson (1966, p. 49)
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modules provide basic, general-purp
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several hours to complete a task (M
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Scribner’s own work (Scribner & T
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a virtual interface that was increa
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The embodied approach’s emphasis
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eorganizing the entire system. The
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understanding. The extended mind hy
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old clocks and gas meters” (Grey
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the British Association (Hayward, 2
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without feature cues. Their goal wa
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obot has stopped moving, and two ar
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cognitive science ventures to study
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the human brain (Gallese et al., 19
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y changing its facial expression, d
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others’ actions mind reading or m
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that others “are like me in being
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is illusory (Clark, 2003; Dennett,
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Even though an agent’s body can b
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interaction with the world are not
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The lofty goals of artificial intel
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This system is then placed in an in
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Reviewing the three approaches with
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For instance, the exposition uses i
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this interface, internal thinking,
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The conductor is not the only contr
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grouped into distinct auditory stre
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and stored in memory in a form diff
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theorize about mental processing be
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Krumhansl’s (1990) internalizatio
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mighty Alps, whose white and shinin
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The isolated genius is a recurring
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6.4 The Connectionist Approach to M
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will not occur (Gasser, Eck, & Port
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preferences (Bugatti, Flammini, & M
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The key feature from above is tonal
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The vein for which three hundred ye
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complexities of sound were produced
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Reich’s idea of a musical process
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orchestra brings the score to life
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meaning and that this meaning is so
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evaluation, interpretation, and des
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software objects can now evolve and
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instruments can serve as behavioura
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the case that Austro-German music i
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Interactions between perception of
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7 Marks of the Classical? 7.0 Chapt
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in this section. One context for th
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Critical to Vera and Simon’s (199
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Vera and Simon (1993) pointed out t
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physical scene that is being viewed
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the three schools of thought in cog
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was employed to work on the 1880 Un
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predefined value was reached (Willi
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Indeed, the interactions between a
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determine which production will act
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classical models they inspire are d
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a word in memory to be accessed in
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7.5 Local versus Distributed Repres
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Finally, different degrees of super
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to produce networks that are capabl
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e essentially embodied and embedded
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to question explicit rules as a mar
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the electronic circuits which perfo
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which make use of the knowledge att
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Page 376 and 377: 8 Seeing and Visualizing 8.0 Chapte
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Page 384 and 385: A related phenomenon is inattention
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Page 390 and 391: this location. The affected locatio
Page 392 and 393: For our purposes, though, the above
Page 394 and 395: The nearest neighbour principle is
Page 396 and 397: 8.5 Vision, Cognition, and Visual C
Page 398 and 399: Feature integration theory arose to
Page 400 and 401: (Pylyshyn, 2007, p. 32). Part of Py
Page 402 and 403: independent of those for processing
Page 404 and 405: (Pylyshyn & Storm, 1988). However,
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Page 408 and 409: that compose early vision, and whic
Page 410 and 411: with embodied cognitive science. Py
Page 412 and 413: esults by demonstrating that they a
Page 414 and 415: According to the index projection h
Page 416 and 417: 9 Towards a Cognitive Dialectic 9.0
Page 418 and 419: summarizes that text visually by us
Page 422 and 423: tension? One approach to achieving
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Page 426 and 427: On the other side of the antagonism
Page 428 and 429: For instance, Simon’s (1969) earl
Page 430 and 431: was a low-level interpretation that
Page 432 and 433: computation approach appeals to ele
Page 434 and 435: etween scientific paradigms (Kuhn,
Page 436 and 437: each of the three schools of though
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Page 440 and 441: exploring how this problem might be
Page 442 and 443: References Abu-Mostafa, Y. S. (1990
Page 444 and 445: Baddeley, A. D. (1990). Human memor
Page 446 and 447: Bernstein, L. (1976). The unanswere
Page 448 and 449: Brooks, R. A., & Flynn, A. M. (1989
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Kolers, P. (1972). Aspects of motio
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Leahey, T. H. (1987). A history of
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Luria, A., Tsvetkova, L., & Futer,
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McNaughton, B., Barnes, C. A., Gerr
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Monelle, R. (2000). The sense of mu
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Oaksford, M., & Chater, N. (1991).
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Peretz, I., Kolinsky, R., Tramo, M.
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Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1980). Computation
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Révész, G. E. (1983). Introductio
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Samuels, R. (1998). Evolutionary ps
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Shepard, R. N. (1984b). Ecological
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Steedman, M. J. (1984). A generativ
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Tolman, E. C. (1932). Purposive beh
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Verfaille, V., Depalle, P., & Wande
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Wexler, K., & Culicover, P. W. (198
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conduit metaphor, 299-303, 308 cons
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motion correspondence problem, 375-
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Turing equivalence, 95, 152 Turing
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