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MIND, BODY, WORLD
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MIND, FOUNDATIONS OF COGNITIVE SCIE
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Contents List of Figures and Tables
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5.5 Umwelten, Affordances, and Enac
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List of Figures and Tables Figure 2
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Table 2-1. Examples of the truth va
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happened in psychology. “One acco
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1 The Cognitive Sciences: One or Ma
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The fragmentation of psychology is
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qualitatively different kinds of qu
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should we examine “cognitive scie
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discrete symbols stored in a separa
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Some researchers have attempted to
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tool, or by its designer. The perso
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experiments fall into new relations
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With the foundations of the three d
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level, one asks what physical mecha
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thinking was logic, then thinking m
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equation of thought is of the secon
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ewritten as “A is B,” which in
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combinations of the binary inputs p
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Vannevar Bush. This machine was a p
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In Lovecraft’s (1933) story, the
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given in Table 2-2 (Hillis, 1998).
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switch was closed matched the durat
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2.6 Multiple Levels of Investigatio
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mentioned in the current section ar
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How does a Turing machine generate
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The problem with reverse engineerin
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2.10 Architectures against Homuncul
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out at any given time (Newell, 1980
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experiment, people write questions
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hypothesis (Dawson, 1998), is used
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Other developments in cognitive sci
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and strong equivalence are reviewed
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After establishing his own existenc
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For it is a very remarkable fact th
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used to solve a complex problem by
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In the code given above, recursion
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The complex, clausal structure of a
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within a phrase marker. The recursi
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new physical state, the direction i
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- Page 97 and 98: semantic lives, in which they have
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- Page 105 and 106: -1.5 Grande Prairie Slave Lake Fort
- Page 107 and 108: A production system is a general-pu
- Page 109 and 110: in thinking about cognition without
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- Page 115 and 116: if they are weakly equivalent), acc
- Page 117 and 118: Newell and Simon (1972) created a c
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- Page 121 and 122: A third approach to validating a mo
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- Page 133 and 134: I should like to propose a generali
- Page 135 and 136: attempt to localize function. For i
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- Page 151 and 152: The earliest detailed introspective
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- Page 163 and 164: = 0.5 -2 1 1 1 = 1.5 1 p q Figur
- Page 165 and 166: classical models (Hurley, 2001)—a
- Page 167 and 168: ehavior is described” (p. 583). B
- Page 169 and 170: The Turing equivalence of connectio
- Page 171 and 172: Perceptrons, too, can match probabi
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This geometric observation raises c
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a band. However, its relationship t
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therefore of subsuming such theorie
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The decision tree provided in Table
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easons” as would the decision tre
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instance, can any classical theory
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was able to represent the actual di
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By uncovering the properties of rep
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unit activity via the existing conn
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function, one can still translate R
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theories have proposed that a geome
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the II chord if the latter is minor
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Another way to view the two classes
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and the explicit rules doing the ma
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contents of these two types of sand
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204 Chapter 4
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Not surprisingly, such differences
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unit encodings), and in modern netw
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epresentational and non-representat
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process, resulting from the interac
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Critically, though, Evans’ progra
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Similarly, Braitenberg (1984) argue
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intractable. For instance, Ashby (1
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strongly influenced by philosophica
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5.6 Horizontal Layers of Control Cl
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Double dissociation evidence from c
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operations, “actions which are qu
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In contrast, expert workers were mu
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For example, consider the work of E
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the non-cognitive that does justice
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the box and could see the goal, the
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Vico based his philosophy on the an
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traced in Simon’s (1969) parable
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artificial neural network, the perc
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The final turn away from the corner
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were machines. Men too were machine
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In his pioneering work on simulatin
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It may once have seemed foolhardy t
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Working together, Edsigner and Domo
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The modern origins of simulation th
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Importantly, the combination of the
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it—as an affordance, a set of pos
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Embodied cognitive science does not
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usually in the form of differential
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As such, the perceptual world canno
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6 Classical Music and Cognitive Sci
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of staff paper. Since the time of P
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ehind the notes constitutes, after
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eason” (Rosen, 2002, p. 17). This
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To see that this is analogous to me
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G. Less stable than these two notes
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eing created. Importantly, the well
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accuracy (i.e., corresponding to a
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However, there is general agreement
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Beethoven’s piano sonatas were so
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ather they explored variations with
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missing their fundamental frequency
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connectionism is positioned to capt
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artificial neural networks is the g
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This implies that what is required
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of each part by closing the keyboar
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cognitive science and stands oppose
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fingertip to manipulate a visual in
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hid the underlying musical structur
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in the nineteenth century (Hanslick
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instrument. This requires that a ma
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The embodied approach is interested
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decentralized, a modern piece seems
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of fifths. In other words, if one i
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embodied cognitive science to the s
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expected that both connectionist an
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Winograd and Flores’ (1987b) book
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primarily is the work” (p. 99). A
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Furthermore, Vera and Simon (1993)
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First, this sequence of publication
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an engineering convenience. Further
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The human controller of a punched c
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the computer’s internal memory wi
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“any large computation should be
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current PDP networks are not autono
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operations simultaneously, if this
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that during learning input, pattern
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Kosslyn et al., 1995). “There is
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data reveals internal structures th
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Turing machine, can easily be descr
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connectionism. Many researchers ass
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sense that they are digital: consis
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accounts (Broadbent, 1985; Rumelhar
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For instance, classical theorists d
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to make. For instance, in Chapter 8
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The opposite pole of the continuum
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embodied theory of gestured meaning
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strong equivalence of a cognitive t
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thus, perceptions, presentations, v
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Language acquisition can be describ
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In this situation, a motion detecto
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world—to almost always be correct
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To illustrate the New Look, conside
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9 7 8 4 8 1 2 4 6 9 3 1 9 2 7 8 5 9
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After two applications of the “la
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element y, seen at time t + 1, is c
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asis of cognitive contents. In part
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elationships between individuated o
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selected—inside makes no sense to
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the program had to be able to asser
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can only be used to access an indiv
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ideally suited for preattentive ind
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a conceptual apparatus. Sooner or l
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correspondence problem by matching
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The discussion in this section woul
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As well, the exploration of mental
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does not do so by using concepts, c
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worked against synthesis, because e
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eflecting that the embodied approac
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Classical Cognitive Science Connect
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science had to consider “differen
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Siegelman, 2005). The Macy conferen
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However, it is clear that Miller, G
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of thought should be excluded from
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Relaxation labelling was the leadin
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Strong parallels also exist between
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the same particular phenomena, desc
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usiness of carrying out reverse eng
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used to create a model that fits a
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iological agents. To do so, its mod
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Anderson, J. A. (1995). An introduc
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Bechtel, W., & Abrahamsen, A. (2002
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Boole, G. (2003). The laws of thoug
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Byrne, David. (1980). Seen and not
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Churchland, P. S., & Sejnowski, T.
- Page 453 and 454:
D’Ausilio, A. (2009). Mirror-like
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Dennett, D. C. (1978). Brainstorms.
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Ericsson, K. A., & Simon, H. A. (19
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Friedmann, M. L. (1990). Ear traini
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Goodale, M. A. (1995). The cortical
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Gutin, G., & Punnen, A. P. (2002).
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Herrnstein, R. J. (1997). The match
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Inhelder, B., & Piaget, J. (1958).
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Kirk, K. L., & Bitterman, M. E. (19
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Krumhansl, C. L., Bharucha, J. J.,
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Lightfoot, D. W. (1989). The child
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Marshall, M. T., Hartshorn, M., Wan
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Meyer, L. B. (1956). Emotion and me
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Neisser, U. (1976). Cognition and r
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Pampalk, E., Dixon, S., & Widmer, G
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Plantinga, L. (1984). Romantic musi
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Raftopoulos, A. (2001). Is percepti
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Rosenblatt, F. (1958). The perceptr
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Searle, J. R. (1984). Minds, brains
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Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal behav
- Page 493 and 494:
Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (1981
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Turvey, M. T., Shaw, R. E., Reed, E
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Waltz, D. (1975). Understanding lin
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Winograd, T. (1983). Language as a
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Index A acoustic paradigm, 305 acti
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I identification assumption, 410-11
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239-43 replacement, 48, 209-10, 219