Chinese Rhetoric and Writing - An Introduction for Language Teachers, 2012a

3 THE RULES OF WRITING 9
IN MEDIEVAL CHINA AND
EUROPE
The Rules of Writing (Wen Ze, ) has been called the first systematic
account of Chinese rhetoric (Yancheng Liu ). 10 Its author, Chen Kui (
) (1128-1203), was born at the beginning of the Southern Song dynasty
(1127-1279). He lived at a time of great change, being born one year after
the beginning of the Southern Song period. The Northern Song emperors had
ruled from 960, but had been forced to flee south in 1127 in face of invasion
from the north.
Chen Kui was a member of the intellectual elite and passed the extremely
prestigious and competitive metropolitan exam to become a jinshi () at
the comparatively early age of 24. This was no mean feat. John Chaffee has
eloquently recorded the trials and tribulations of being a scholar in Song China.
During the Song dynasty, the number of people taking the series of exams that
culminated in the jinshi exam increased dramatically. There were two major
reasons for this. First, the Song emperors desired to create a meritocracy by
increasing the number of able men in the civil service. Exams replaced privilege
as the main gateway into the civil service. Second, the advent of printing opened
up education to more people: “The spread of printing transformed Chinese
book culture” (Cherniack 5). The Rules of Writing may thus well have been
stimulated to provide a writing and rhetorical guide for the many thousands of
men who were now preparing for one of the imperial civil service exams.
Chen Kui himself held a number of senior official positions. In 1190,
during the reign of the Emperor Guang Zong, he was appointed secretary of
the Imperial Library and was the author of The Record of the Library of the
Southern Song.
Here, we first briefly summarise how Chinese scholars have evaluated The
Rules of Writing and then focus on three topics that we hope will be of particular
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