Chinese Rhetoric and Writing - An Introduction for Language Teachers, 2012a

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Chapter 9 current government and its policies. Neither is the advice, which we repeat below, of Han Feizi heeded. Men who wish to present their remonstrances and expound their ideas must not fail to ascertain their ruler’s loves and hates before launching into their speeches…. If you gain the ruler’s love, your wisdom will be appreciated and you will enjoy favour as well. But, if he hates you, not only will your wisdom be rejected but you will be regarded as a criminal and thrust aside. …The beast called the dragon can be tamed and trained to the point where you may ride on its back. But on the underside of its throat it has scales a foot in diameter that curl back from the body, anyone who chances to brush against them is sure to die. The ruler of men too has his bristling scales. Only if a speaker can avoid brushing against them will he have any hope of success. The authors then go on to call for the reaffirmation of six fundamental concepts, listed above. Here they spell out each concept and there is the frequent use of modals of obligation. For example, in the statements on human rights and equality they write: To ensure human rights must be the foundation of the first objective of government and lawful public authority, and is also the inherent demand of “putting people first.” The principle of equality before the law and a citizen’s society must be implemented; the principle of equality of economic, cultural, and political rights must be implemented. This authoritative tone is maintained, if not strengthened, in the language of the nineteen “basic standpoints.” Imperatives and “shall be” modals abound, as indicated in bold type. There is not space here to include all nineteen points. The first four are representative of the tone: 1. Amend the Constitution: Based on the aforementioned values and concepts, amend the Constitution, abolishing the provisions in the current Constitution that are not in conformity with the principle that sovereignty resides in the people so that the Constitution can truly become a document for guaranteeing human rights and [appropriate use of] public power. The Constitution should be the implementable 172
Party Politics, the Cultural Revolution and Charter 08 supreme law that any individual, group or party shall not violate, and lay the legal foundation for the democratization of China. 2. Separation and balance of power: A modern government that separates, checks, and keeps balance among powers guarantees the separation of legislative, judicial, and administrative power. The principle of governing by laws and being a responsible Government shall be established. Overexpansion of executive power shall be prevented; the Government shall be responsible to the taxpayers; the separation, checking and keeping balance of powers between the central and local governments shall be set up; the central power authority shall be clearly defined and mandated by the Constitution, and the local governments shall be fully autonomous. 3. Democratise the lawmaking process: All levels of the legislative bodies shall be directly elected. Maintain the principles of fairness and justice in making law, and democratise the lawmaking process. 4. Independence of the judiciary: The judiciary shall be nonpartisan, free from any interference. Ensure judicial independence, and guarantee judicial fairness. Establish a Constitutional Court and a system of judicial review; maintain the authority of the Constitution. Abolish as soon as possible the Party’s Committees of Political and Legislative affairs at all levels that seriously endanger the country’s rule of law. Avoid using public tools for private objectives. Charter 08 concludes with the authors accusing China as being alone “among the great nations of the world” of remaining authoritarian and of causing untold suffering and holding back the progress of civilisation itself. China, as a great nation of the world, one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, and a member of the Human Rights Council, should contribute to peace for humankind and progress in human rights. But to people’s regret, among the great nations of the world, China, alone, still clings to an authoritarian political way of life. As a result, it has caused an unbroken chain of human rights disasters and social crises, held back the development of the Chinese people, and hindered the progress of human civilization. This situation must change! The reform of political democratization can no longer be delayed. Because of this, we, with a civic spirit that dares to act, publish the “Charter 08.” We hope that all Chinese citizens who 173
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CHINESE RHETORIC AND WRITING AN INT
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PERSPECTIVES ON WRITING Series Edit
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The WAC Clearinghouse, Fort Collins
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CHINESE RHETORIC AND WRITING: AN IN
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Introduction that there are more sp
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Introduction in Beijing, where he a
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Introduction Chapter 1 also demonst
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Introduction common, along with the
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12
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Chapter 1 called various branches o
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Chapter 1 plea, or speech, into eit
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Chapter 1 the temple and the hall,
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Chapter 1 were used to successively
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Chapter 1 from Emperor to subject,
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Chapter 1 getting confused, who soa
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Chapter 1 similarities of the advic
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Chapter 1 to create an environment
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2 THE LITERARY BACKGROUND AND RHETO
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Literary Background and Rhetorical
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3 THE RULES OF WRITING 9 IN MEDIEVA
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The Rules of Writing In Medieval Ch
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Chapter 4 we shall argue, using con
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Chapter 4 The baguwen has been call
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Chapter 4 The Baguwen: A Traditiona
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Chapter 4 Way at the right time; th
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Chapter 4 pianwen and guwen styles.
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Chapter 4 he has written himself in
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Chapter 4 Links between a computer
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Chapter 4 What is of greatest inter
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5 SHUYUAN AND CHINESE WRITING TRAIN
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Shuyuan and Chinese Writing Trainin
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6 PRINCIPLES OF SEQUENCING AND RHET
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Principles of Sequencing and Rhetor
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Page 129 and 130: Principles of Sequencing and Rhetor
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Page 212 and 213: Conclusion BECAUSE x n +THEREFORE x
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Page 216 and 217: Works Cited Chafe, Wallace L. “Gi
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Page 222 and 223: Works Cited Ma, Zhengping. Advanced
Page 224 and 225: Works Cited Sun, Shaozhen. “Prefa
Page 226 and 227: Works Cited Yang, Ling, and David C
Page 229 and 230: NOTES This chronological division
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Chinese Rhetoric and Writing (biogr
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Chinese Rhetoric and Writing - An Introduction for Language Teachers, 2012a

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