A grammar of Pite Saami, 2014

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3 Segmental phonology in V1 position, namely as [i͡e] and [u͡o], respectively. They can be very short in duration. There is a relatively minimal difference between the beginning and ending positions of each of the [i͡e] and [u͡o] phones in the oral cavity, a closeness which is even reflected in inconsistencies in the working version of the Pite Saami orthography: both and are used for /e/, and and for /o/. The diphthong phoneme /u͡a/ is restricted to V1 position. Due to vowel harmony, /u͡a/ can be realized as [ʊ͡ɛ] or [ʊ͡a], and needs not be particularly long in duration. Note that farther north within the Pite Saami language territory, monophthong phonemes are often realized as slight diphthongs. This is closer to Lule Saami within the Saami dialect continuum; indeed, many Lule Saami monophthong vowel phonemes are realized as slight diphthongs (cf., e.g., Spiik 1989: 11). Because there is no significant difference in behavior between monophthongs and diphthongs which would justify treating them separately, all nine vowel phonemes are dealt with together in the following section. 3.2.1 Vowel phonemes and allophonic variations The following sections describe the Pite Saami vowel phonemes and their allophonic realizations in the three vowel positions V1, V2 and V3. Table 3.16 on the facing page summarizes the distribution of the vowel phonemes in these three prosodic vowel slots. All vowel phonemes are licensed in V1, and all except /ɛ/ and /u͡a/ occur in V2. 18 However, V3 position is the most restrictive and allows only /i ɛ a u/. This distribution reflects the fact that V1 is the most prosodically relevant slot, and V3 the least significant. 3.2.1.1 Close front high vowel The segment /i/ is a close front high vowel. In V1 position, it is not realized with a very narrow oral cavity, but closer to [ɪ], while in V2 and V3 position it is even less close and essentially [ɪ], and tends to be shorter in duration. When a palatal approximant /j/ immediately follows, this triggers a slight raising of /i/ so that it is closer to [i]. Some examples are found in (133) through (136). (133) /karʧeti-t/ gartjedit [karʧetɪtʰ] ‘decrease-inf’ [0555] 18 The phoneme /ɛ/ only occurs in a limited phonological context in V2 of grammatical words, and is therefore in parentheses in Table 3.16.; cf. §3.2.1.3. 64
3.2 Vowels Table 3.16: Distribution of vowel phonemes in the three prosodic vowel slots vowel V1 V2 V3 i + + + e + + - ɛ + (-) + a + + + aː + + - ɔ + + - o + + - u + + + u͡a + - - (134) /jimki-t/ jimkit [jimkɪtʰ] ‘blink-inf’ (135) /li-jin/ lijin [lijɪn] ‘be-3pl.pst’ (136) /ʧilmi-jt/ tjilmijt [ʧilmijt] ‘eye-acc.pl’ [2775] [4114] [1877] 3.2.1.2 Close-mid front vowel The segment /e/ is a close-mid front vowel. In V1 position, it is realized as a slight diphthong [i͡e], while in V2 position it is normally a monophthong [e]. It is not attested in V3 position. 19 Some examples are found in (137) through (139). (137) /elːo/ ello [i͡elːo] ‘reindeer.herd\nom.sg’ (138) /reʰpe-ha/ rehpeha [ri͡ehpeha] ‘red.fox-nom.pl’ (139) /kole/ guole [kʊ͡ole] ‘fish\nom.pl’ [0449] [2790] [pit110413a.002] 19 Note that, in the current working orthography, the V3 position can contain the grapheme , but this is in fact the phoneme /i/ realized as [ɪ]. 65
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A grammar of Pite Saami Joshua Wilb
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A grammar of Pite Saami Joshua Wilb
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Muv vienagijda Árjepluovest
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Contents 3.2 Vowels . . . . . . . .
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Contents 8.5.4 Class IV . . . . . .
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Acknowledgements This grammar of Pi
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Symbols and abbreviations - segment
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1 Introduction This description of
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1.1 The Pite Saami language and its
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1.1 The Pite Saami language and its
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1.2 Linguistic documentation of Pit
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Page 29 and 30: 1.2 Linguistic documentation of Pit
Page 39 and 40: 1.3 Typological profile Nouns infle
Page 41 and 42: 2 Prosody This description of the p
Page 43 and 44: 2.2 Multisyllabic word structure a
Page 45 and 46: 2.2 Multisyllabic word structure 2.
Page 47 and 48: 2.2 Multisyllabic word structure Ta
Page 49 and 50: 2.2 Multisyllabic word structure (8
Page 51 and 52: 2.3 Utterance-level prosody 2.3 Utt
Page 53 and 54: 3 Segmental phonology Pite Saami ha
Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Consonants not have a comparabl
Page 57 and 58: 3.1 Consonants (21) /pɛvːte/ bäv
Page 59 and 60: 3.1 Consonants (33) /trotnik/ drodn
Page 61 and 62: 3.1 Consonants (50) /nurːʰtas/ nu
Page 63 and 64: 3.1 Consonants (57) /pɔʦoj/ båts
Page 65 and 66: 3.1 Consonants Table 3.5: Fricative
Page 67 and 68: 3.1 Consonants (81) /taːfːo/ dáf
Page 69 and 70: 3.1 Consonants Table 3.7: Nasal pho
Page 71 and 72: 3.1 Consonants Table 3.8: Oral sono
Page 73 and 74: 3.1 Consonants (120) /tijstak/ dijs
Page 75 and 76: 3.1 Consonants onset cluster tend t
Page 77 and 78: 3.1 Consonants Table 3.13: Heterosy
Page 79: 3.2 Vowels Table 3.15: Quantitative
Page 83 and 84: 3.2 Vowels Due to the verbal suffix
Page 85 and 86: 3.2 Vowels (164) /porːe/ buorre [p
Page 87 and 88: 3.2 Vowels r i p ə r e 94 118 166
Page 89 and 90: 4 Morphological patterns and word c
Page 91 and 92: 4.1 Overview of morphology 4.1.2.1
Page 93 and 94: 4.1 Overview of morphology consonan
Page 95 and 96: 4.1 Overview of morphology (10) /pu
Page 97 and 98: 4.2 Overview of word classes (13) /
Page 99 and 100: 5 Nominals I: Nouns Nouns in Pite S
Page 101 and 102: 5.2 The nominal case system (5) ja
Page 103 and 104: 5.2 The nominal case system (14) va
Page 105 and 106: 5.2 The nominal case system (25) d
Page 107 and 108: 5.2 The nominal case system clear,
Page 109 and 110: 5.3 Number and case marking on noun
Page 115 and 116: 5.4 Inflectional classes for nouns
Page 125 and 126: 5.5 Possessive suffixes Table 5.23:
Page 127: 5.5 Possessive suffixes indicate th
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6 Nominals II: Pronouns Table 6.1:
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6 Nominals II: Pronouns are listed
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6 Nominals II: Pronouns plement cla
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7 Adjectivals Adjectivals in Pite S
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7.1 Attributive adjectives are mark
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7.2 Predicative adjectives (9) fáh
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7.2 Predicative adjectives v vi vii
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7.4 Comparatives and superlatives 7
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7.5 Comparing NP referents As with
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7.6 Restrictions on smáva and unna
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7.7 Quantifiers However, when a qua
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7.9 Numerals (41) dajd d-a-jd gulij
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7.9 Numerals Table 7.8: Suppletive
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7.9 Numerals (46) nittonhundratála
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8 Verbs Verbs in Pite Saami form an
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8.1 Finite verbs and inflectional c
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8.2 Non-finite verb forms and perip
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8.4 Morphological marking strategie
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8.5 Inflectional classes for verbs
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9 Other word classes Table 9.1: Der
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9 Other word classes (7) A: udtju u
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9 Other word classes prepositions,
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9 Other word classes Saami as other
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9 Other word classes (21) inijmä i
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9 Other word classes The interjecti
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10 Derivational morphology tion ses
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10 Derivational morphology Two othe
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10 Derivational morphology (23) då
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10 Derivational morphology (37) tja
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10 Derivational morphology 10.2.2 T
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10 Derivational morphology the clas
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10 Derivational morphology (70) bah
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11 Phrase types There are five type
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11.1 Verb complex (1) vietja [vietj
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11.2 Nominal phrases (9) mån lev m
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11.2 Nominal phrases (16) dä dä i
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11.3 Adjectival phrases 11.2.1 NPs
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11.3 Adjectival phrases (30) mánn
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11.5 Postpositional phrases The exa
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12 Overview of the syntax of senten
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12.2 Constituent order at clause le
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12.2 Constituent order at clause le
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13 Basic clauses A basic clause is
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13.1 Declarative clauses (6) dát d
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13.1 Declarative clauses (15) motor
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13.1 Declarative clauses likely the
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13.1 Declarative clauses (28) dä d
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13.1 Declarative clauses (37) iv i-
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13.2 Interrogative clauses Alternat
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13.3 Clauses in the imperative mood
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13.4 Clauses in the potential mood
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14 Complex clauses (2) men ijtjin m
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14 Complex clauses (6) mån mån j
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14 Complex clauses (15) nä, mån n
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14 Complex clauses 14.2.3 Other sub
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14 Complex clauses (27) dä dä lin
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Appendix: Inventory of recordings T
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Appendix: Inventory of recordings n
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Bibliography Feist, Timothy. 2010.
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Bibliography Selkirk, Elisabeth. 19
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Name index Spiik, Nils Eric, 64, 71
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Subject index 183 strong grade, 75,
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Subject index trill, 55 typological
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A grammar of Pite Saami, 2014

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