A grammar of Pite Saami, 2014

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3 Segmental phonology following an open front vowel /a/ or /aː/, as illustrated by examples (69) and (73) above. 8 In this case, the open front vowel is realized as an open back vowel [ɑ]. Furthermore, /v/ is frequently realized as either [ʋ] or as a voiced labial-velar approximant [w] in word-initial position as well, particularly in the Pite Saami dialects along the Pite River to the north. However, the [ʋ] pronunciation seems to be in free variation with a fricative [v] sound. This is illustrated by the example in (78). (78) /vu͡asːta/ [wu͡asːta]∼ vuassta [pit110517b2.038] [vu͡asːta] ‘cheese\nom.sg’ [pit080917c.9m42s] Secondly, a glottal fricative [h] as the sole consonant in word-final position is possible, but it seems to be limited to certain morphological conditions in contemporary Pite Saami, and only realized by some speakers, and then inconsistently. However, some of the literature describing older stages of Pite Saami 9 indicates that at a previous stage of the language, a word-final /h/ was obligatory when it had morphological status. Two examples for this variation can be seen in (79) and (80). (79) /parka/ [parka]∼ barga [pit101208.032] [parkah] ‘work\conneg’ [pit101208.029] (80) /kolaː-ʧ-a/ [kʊ͡ɔlaːʧa]∼ guolatja [pit110413a.077] [kʊ͡ɔlaːʧah] ‘fish-dim-gen.sg’ [pit110413a.079] 3.1.1.5.2 Geminate fricative consonants The segments /fː vː sː ʃː/ are geminate labiodental (unvoiced and voiced), alveolar and post-alveolar fricatives. As with all geminate phonemes, these fricatives only occur in consonant center position. The unvoiced labiodental geminate /fː/ is rather uncommon and unique in this series in that it never occurs as part of a consonant cluster. Note that, unlike the singleton fricative series, there is no glottal geminate fricative phoneme /hː/. Some examples are provided in (81) through (85). 8 This fact is even evident in some Swedish place name spellings which use the more open vowellike spelling instead of the fricative spelling , such as in Båtsjaur, a small community near Arjeplog whose name is likely based on the (Pite) Saami words båtsoj ‘reindeer’ and jávvre ‘lake’. 9 Cf. the paradigms in Lehtiranta (1992: 150–159) indicate that there is an -h suffix for nom.pl, gen.sg, conneg and 2sg.prs, among others. Note that Lehtiranta (1992) describes Pite Saami up through 1950, but not after that. Also note that Lagercrantz (1926: 104,120) does not include any such suffix in these morphosyntactic contexts. 50
3.1 Consonants (81) /taːfːo/ dáffo [taːfːo] ‘area\nom.sg’ (82) /raːfːe/ ráffe [raːfːe] ‘rapids\nom.sg’ (83) /raːvːe/ rávve [raːvːe] ‘peace\nom.sg’ (84) /ɔsːe/ åsse [ɔsːe] ‘part\nom.sg’ (85) /ɔʃːe/ åssje [ɔʃːe] ‘horsetail\nom.sg’ [2367] [2713] [1366] [2269] [2270] 3.1.1.5.3 Fricatives and preaspiration When the voiced fricative phoneme /v/ precedes a preaspirated segment, it becomes devoiced towards the end of its realization as [vv̥]. 10 The near minimal pair illustrated by the examples in (86) and (87) shows a voiced fricative preceding a plain and a preaspirated plosive, respectively. (86) /naːvːte/ návvde [naːvːte] ‘predator\nom.sg’ (87) /naːvʰtɛ/ návte [naːvv̥tɛ] ‘like this’ [6042] [1252] Evidence for a preaspirated segment following the other fricatives is impossible to ascertain due to their inherent voicelessness. 3.1.1.5.4 Dialect variation and the historical voiced dental fricative A number of Pite Saami lexemes historically featured a voiced dental fricative *ð in Proto-Saamic. These items are subject to variation in the corresponding synchronic phoneme across Pite Saami territory. Specifically, Proto-Saamic *ð can correspond to a singleton or geminate alveolar voiceless plosive /t tː/, alveolar trill /r rː/, or voiced dental fricative /ð ðː/; the selection of phoneme varies from speaker to speaker. The alveolar plosives and trills /t tː r rː/ are realized as described in §3.1.1.3 and §3.1.1.7. For speakers with /ð ðː/, these are realized as a 10 Cf. §3.1.1.8 for essentially the same phenomenon in sonorant phonemes. 51
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A grammar of Pite Saami Joshua Wilb
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A grammar of Pite Saami Joshua Wilb
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Muv vienagijda Árjepluovest
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Contents 3.2 Vowels . . . . . . . .
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Contents 8.5.4 Class IV . . . . . .
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Acknowledgements This grammar of Pi
Page 15 and 16: Symbols and abbreviations - segment
Page 17 and 18: 1 Introduction This description of
Page 19 and 20: 1.1 The Pite Saami language and its
Page 21 and 22: 1.1 The Pite Saami language and its
Page 23 and 24: 1.2 Linguistic documentation of Pit
Page 39 and 40: 1.3 Typological profile Nouns infle
Page 41 and 42: 2 Prosody This description of the p
Page 43 and 44: 2.2 Multisyllabic word structure a
Page 45 and 46: 2.2 Multisyllabic word structure 2.
Page 47 and 48: 2.2 Multisyllabic word structure Ta
Page 49 and 50: 2.2 Multisyllabic word structure (8
Page 51 and 52: 2.3 Utterance-level prosody 2.3 Utt
Page 53 and 54: 3 Segmental phonology Pite Saami ha
Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Consonants not have a comparabl
Page 57 and 58: 3.1 Consonants (21) /pɛvːte/ bäv
Page 59 and 60: 3.1 Consonants (33) /trotnik/ drodn
Page 61 and 62: 3.1 Consonants (50) /nurːʰtas/ nu
Page 63 and 64: 3.1 Consonants (57) /pɔʦoj/ båts
Page 65: 3.1 Consonants Table 3.5: Fricative
Page 69 and 70: 3.1 Consonants Table 3.7: Nasal pho
Page 71 and 72: 3.1 Consonants Table 3.8: Oral sono
Page 73 and 74: 3.1 Consonants (120) /tijstak/ dijs
Page 75 and 76: 3.1 Consonants onset cluster tend t
Page 77 and 78: 3.1 Consonants Table 3.13: Heterosy
Page 79 and 80: 3.2 Vowels Table 3.15: Quantitative
Page 81 and 82: 3.2 Vowels Table 3.16: Distribution
Page 83 and 84: 3.2 Vowels Due to the verbal suffix
Page 85 and 86: 3.2 Vowels (164) /porːe/ buorre [p
Page 87 and 88: 3.2 Vowels r i p ə r e 94 118 166
Page 89 and 90: 4 Morphological patterns and word c
Page 91 and 92: 4.1 Overview of morphology 4.1.2.1
Page 93 and 94: 4.1 Overview of morphology consonan
Page 95 and 96: 4.1 Overview of morphology (10) /pu
Page 97 and 98: 4.2 Overview of word classes (13) /
Page 99 and 100: 5 Nominals I: Nouns Nouns in Pite S
Page 101 and 102: 5.2 The nominal case system (5) ja
Page 103 and 104: 5.2 The nominal case system (14) va
Page 105 and 106: 5.2 The nominal case system (25) d
Page 107 and 108: 5.2 The nominal case system clear,
Page 109 and 110: 5.3 Number and case marking on noun
Page 115 and 116: 5.4 Inflectional classes for nouns
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5.4 Inflectional classes for nouns
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5.5 Possessive suffixes Table 5.23:
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5.5 Possessive suffixes indicate th
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6 Nominals II: Pronouns Table 6.1:
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6 Nominals II: Pronouns are listed
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6 Nominals II: Pronouns plement cla
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7 Adjectivals Adjectivals in Pite S
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7.1 Attributive adjectives are mark
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7.2 Predicative adjectives (9) fáh
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7.2 Predicative adjectives v vi vii
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7.4 Comparatives and superlatives 7
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7.5 Comparing NP referents As with
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7.6 Restrictions on smáva and unna
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7.7 Quantifiers However, when a qua
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7.9 Numerals (41) dajd d-a-jd gulij
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7.9 Numerals Table 7.8: Suppletive
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7.9 Numerals (46) nittonhundratála
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8 Verbs Verbs in Pite Saami form an
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8.1 Finite verbs and inflectional c
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8.2 Non-finite verb forms and perip
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8.4 Morphological marking strategie
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8.5 Inflectional classes for verbs
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9 Other word classes Table 9.1: Der
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9 Other word classes (7) A: udtju u
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9 Other word classes prepositions,
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9 Other word classes Saami as other
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9 Other word classes (21) inijmä i
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9 Other word classes The interjecti
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10 Derivational morphology tion ses
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10 Derivational morphology Two othe
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10 Derivational morphology (23) då
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10 Derivational morphology (37) tja
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10 Derivational morphology 10.2.2 T
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10 Derivational morphology the clas
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10 Derivational morphology (70) bah
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11 Phrase types There are five type
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11.1 Verb complex (1) vietja [vietj
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11.2 Nominal phrases (9) mån lev m
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11.2 Nominal phrases (16) dä dä i
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11.3 Adjectival phrases 11.2.1 NPs
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11.3 Adjectival phrases (30) mánn
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11.5 Postpositional phrases The exa
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12 Overview of the syntax of senten
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12.2 Constituent order at clause le
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12.2 Constituent order at clause le
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13 Basic clauses A basic clause is
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13.1 Declarative clauses (6) dát d
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13.1 Declarative clauses (15) motor
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13.1 Declarative clauses likely the
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13.1 Declarative clauses (28) dä d
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13.1 Declarative clauses (37) iv i-
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13.2 Interrogative clauses Alternat
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13.3 Clauses in the imperative mood
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13.4 Clauses in the potential mood
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14 Complex clauses (2) men ijtjin m
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14 Complex clauses (6) mån mån j
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14 Complex clauses (15) nä, mån n
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14 Complex clauses 14.2.3 Other sub
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14 Complex clauses (27) dä dä lin
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Appendix: Inventory of recordings T
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Appendix: Inventory of recordings n
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Bibliography Feist, Timothy. 2010.
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Bibliography Selkirk, Elisabeth. 19
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Name index Spiik, Nils Eric, 64, 71
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Subject index 183 strong grade, 75,
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Subject index trill, 55 typological
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A grammar of Pite Saami, 2014

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